GEOGRAPHY 2012
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Question 1 of 75
1. Question
The scale of the map expressed as representative fraction is?
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Question 2 of 75
2. Question
The approximate distance of River Murr from the bridge to Fari town is kilometer.
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Question 3 of 75
3. Question
What is the bearing of Abo from Auna?
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Question 4 of 75
4. Question
The symbol ∆742 east of Wura is a
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Question 5 of 75
5. Question
Which of the following hazards are likely to occur at Wura settlement?
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Question 6 of 75
6. Question
Auna can BEST be described as
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Question 7 of 75
7. Question
The drainage pattern on the central part of the map is
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Question 8 of 75
8. Question
Cement factory could be BEST located at
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Question 9 of 75
9. Question
Market gardening could be better practiced in the following towns EXCEPT
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Question 10 of 75
10. Question
The direction of flow of River Murr is
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Question 11 of 75
11. Question
Which of the following planets has the highest number of Satellites?
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Question 12 of 75
12. Question
Nigeria is bounded by longitudes _____ and _____
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Question 13 of 75
13. Question
The surface temperature of the sun is approximately
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Question 14 of 75
14. Question
An imaginary line drawn on the globe running from North to South pole is known as
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Question 15 of 75
15. Question
The shape of the earth is BEST described as a
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Question 16 of 75
16. Question
How many days does it take the earth to move round the sun in a leap year?
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Question 17 of 75
17. Question
If the time at the Greenwich Meridian is 9.am, what would be the local time at a place 60°E?
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Question 18 of 75
18. Question
Which of the following zones refers to the interface between the earth crust and mantle?
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Question 19 of 75
19. Question
The most important function of the atmosphere is that it
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Question 20 of 75
20. Question
As the earth rotates from West through East
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Question 21 of 75
21. Question
The period when the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of cancer (23y2°N) is known as
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Question 22 of 75
22. Question
Continental shelves are important for the following reasons EXCEPT
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Question 23 of 75
23. Question
When expansion and contraction of rocks are repeated over a considerable time, they cause the rock crystal to disintegrate. This process refers to
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Question 24 of 75
24. Question
Igneous rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rocks are called
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Question 25 of 75
25. Question
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the importance of volcanic rocks to man?
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Question 26 of 75
26. Question
Which of the following pairs of crops would be most suitable for cultivation in the Tropical Monsoon climate?
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Question 27 of 75
27. Question
The rainfall type produced when two air masses with different temperatures converge is known as ______ rainfall.
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Question 28 of 75
28. Question
The correct formula for converting Centigrade to Fahrenheit scale is
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Question 29 of 75
29. Question
Fountain of super heated steam that erupts violently from the earth beneath is
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Question 30 of 75
30. Question
Soil is important for the following purposes EXCEPT
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Question 31 of 75
31. Question
Which of the following instruments is used in surveying?
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Question 32 of 75
32. Question
Compass traversing has to do with the measurement of _____ of straight lines.
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Question 33 of 75
33. Question
Which of the following vegetation type lies approximately between latitudes 5°N and 5°S?
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Question 34 of 75
34. Question
Vegetation type is greatly influenced by the following factors EXCEPT
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Question 35 of 75
35. Question
The first stage of soil formation is
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Question 36 of 75
36. Question
Man’s environmental interference involves the following activities EXCEPT
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Question 37 of 75
37. Question
The organic components of ecosystem is made up of
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Question 38 of 75
38. Question
Which of the following statements BEST explains global warming?
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Question 39 of 75
39. Question
The cool temperate vegetation is characterized by
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Question 40 of 75
40. Question
The prairies, pampas, steppe and downs are parts of the ______ grassland
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Question 41 of 75
41. Question
The feature that does not constitute part of karsts topography is
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Question 42 of 75
42. Question
Which of these is a product of chemical weathering of basalt?
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Question 43 of 75
43. Question
The ridge and furrow feature of hard and soft rocks alternating in horizontal layers in an arid region is called
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Question 44 of 75
44. Question
Environmental degradation in the form of forest depletion can be caused by the following measures EXCEPT
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Question 45 of 75
45. Question
The BEST method to check flooding in coastal lowlands in Nigeria is
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Question 46 of 75
46. Question
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of barchan dunes?
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Question 47 of 75
47. Question
Which of these is NOT a product of wind erosion?
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Question 48 of 75
48. Question
The following are coastlines of submergence EXCEPT _____ coast
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Question 49 of 75
49. Question
One major benefit derived from the Tropical Savanna vegetation is
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Question 50 of 75
50. Question
The outstanding characteristic of desert vegetation is the presence of
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Question 51 of 75
51. Question
Fruit farming in the Mediterranean region of Africa is affected by the following problems EXCEPT
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Question 52 of 75
52. Question
Which of the following statements is NOT true of lumbering in Nigeria?
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Question 53 of 75
53. Question
The Eastern Scarplands of Nigeria lies
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Question 54 of 75
54. Question
The factors affecting the climate of Africa include the following EXCEPT
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Question 55 of 75
55. Question
Which of these alphabets represents the lagoon coastline?
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Question 56 of 75
56. Question
Which of the following combination of features is true of bush fallowing?
I. Low population.
II. Low level of education of the farmers.
III. High level of technology.
IV. Use of crude tools and implements.
V. Abundance of large area of farmlands.
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Question 57 of 75
57. Question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of plantation agriculture in West Africa?
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Question 58 of 75
58. Question
The map below shows five dams in Africa. Use the map to answer questions 59 and 60
Which figure represents the Cunene Dam?
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Question 59 of 75
59. Question
Which of the dams is noted for the smelting of bauxite?
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Question 60 of 75
60. Question
1(a)Discuss THREE advantages and THREE limitations of water
transportation.
(b) Explain FOUR ways in which transportation contributes to economic development.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
1(a)Discuss THREE advantages and THREE limitations of water transportation.
Advantages of water transportation
- Helps in the transportation of bulky goods/agricultural produce
- It is relatively safe in transporting imported goods from the ports to hinter land
- It links the hinterland and the rural area to the coast
- It is used to transport passengers
- It is one of the cheapest means of transportation
- It helps to ease traffic congestion in densely populated areas
- It does not require the construction of route
- It is relatively cheap to maintain.
The limitation of water transportation are
- Existence of rapids and waterfalls along the course of rivers
- Presence of water weeds e.g. water hyacinth
- Competition with other means of transportation
- Silting of water ways
- There is fluctuation in the volume of water during seasons
- Strong wave/wind can cause the vessel to capsize
- Water animals like hippopotamus can cause accident
- It is not flexible.
(b) Explain FOUR ways in which transportation contributes to economic development.
- It helps in the transportation of goods and services
- Provides employment
- Provides inter and intra-regional trade
- It facilitates communication
- It helps in the diffusion of ideas and innovation
- It facilitates national and international integration
- Transportation facilitates economic growth.
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Question 61 of 75
61. Question
Study the map extract of NUMAN N. W. on a scale of 1: 50,000 and answer the following questions.
1.(a) Draw an outline of the map extract to a Scale of 1 : 100,000. On it insert the following:
(i) The main road;
(ii) Rivers Mayo Bonu and Mayo Wuro Lainde; and
(iii) An area above 1000ft
(b) Calculate the actual distance of the main road from the junction to Wuro Maliki.
(c) Describe the drainage pattern of the map.
(d) Name FOUR occupation types of the people in the map.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
No map provided
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Question 62 of 75
62. Question
2(a) Define the term industrialization.
(b) Discuss any FIVE contributions of industrialization to economic development.
(c) Highlight any FOUR factors that can be considered in the location of industry.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
2(a) Define the term industrialization.
Industrialization is extensively used for the introduction of industry into countries which were formerly only primary producers like engaged essentially in food production.
(b) Discuss any FIVE contributions of industrialization to economic development.
- Employment generation
- Provision of infrastructure
- Provision of goods
- Diversification of economy
- Conservation of foreign exchange
- Foreign exchange earning
- Improves workers income tremendously
- Increases revenue accrual to the government
(c) Highlight any FOUR factors that can be considered in the location of industry.
- Raw material availability
- Availability of market
- Adequate capital
- Government policy
- Transportation facilities
- Adequate power supply
- Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour
- Political stability.
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Question 63 of 75
63. Question
2(a) Differentiate between longitude and latitude.
(b)Calculate the local time in New York, USA, (longitude 75°W) when it is 9am in Nigeria (longitude 15°E)?
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
2(a) Differentiate between longitude and latitude.
- Longitude are referred to as the meridians while the latitudes are referred to as the parallels
- Longitudes are drawn from north to south while latitude is drawn from east to west.
- Distance between two longitude decreases towards the poles while for the latitudes the distance is constant.
- Longitudes have equal lengths while latitude have different lengths (circumference)
- Longitudes meet at the poles while parallels never meet.
- Longitudes are marked 00-1800 east and west of the Greenwich while latitudes are marked 00-900 north and south of the equator.
- All longitudes form part of a great circle while only one latitude, the equator is a great circle.
- The equator is a point of reference of all lines of latitudes while the Greenwich is a reference point of the longitudes.
- Longitudes are used to calculate time while latitudes are used to calculate distance.
(b) Calculate the local time in New York, USA, (longitude 75°W) when it is 9am in Nigeria (longitude 15°E)?
Nigeria;
Time= 9 am
Location= longitude 150E
New York, USA;
Time=?
Location = longitude 750W
Difference in longitude => 150E + 750W =900
Convert 900 to hour value
- 150=1hr
:. 900= 900/150 = 6hrs
New York is in the west of Nigeria
:. Subtract 6 hours from 9am
- 3 am
Time in New York, USA is 3am.
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Question 64 of 75
64. Question
3(a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, show the following:
i. sub-equatorial climatic belt;
ii. tropical continental climatic belt; and
iii. ONE town in each of the belts.
(b) Highlight FIVE characteristics of the sub-equatorial climatic belt.
(c) Discuss FOUR ways in which rainfall influences agriculture in the tropical continental zone in Nigeria.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
(a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, show the following:
i. sub-equatorial climatic belt;
ii. tropical continental climatic belt; and
iii. ONE town in each of the belts.
(b) Highlight FIVE characteristics of the sub-equatorial climatic belt.
- There could be pronounced dry season of up to two months
- Annual temperature ranges of about 40C to 50C
- Rain falls throughout the year with two maxima i.e. may to July and September to October
- December and January have very little rain
- Annual rainfall is about 1500mm.
- Temperature and humidity are high throughout the year which results in continual plant growth
(c) Discuss FOUR ways in which rainfall influences agriculture in the tropical continental zone in Nigeria.
- Rainfall decreases, generally from the south to the north of Nigeria
- Consequently the country is divided into two broad cropping systems
- The perennial tree and root-crop zone in the water south
- The seasonal grain and pulse crop zone in the drier north
- Both cropping system are practiced in the humid savanna of the middle belt
- The major cereal crops are sorghum (guinea corn), millet and maize and are grown in the drier north
- The main tuber crops are cassava, yam, cocoyam, e.t.c and are grown in the water south of Nigeria.
- In the drier north, cash crops grown are groundnut, cotton
- In the water south the crops grown are kolanut, cashew, palm trees e.t.c.
NOTE: The answers provided above go beyond the specified climatic belt because candidates are to know the above. Therefore the tropical continental is related to the drier north and facts for drier north should be taken.
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Question 65 of 75
65. Question
3. Discuss the igneous rocks under the following headings:
(i) Mode of formation;
(ii) Characteristics;
(iii) Structure; and
(iv) colour.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
3. Discuss the igneous rocks under the following headings:
(i) Mode of formation;
- Forms when molten rock cools and solidifies
- Crystals form on cooling and the rock is called crystalline rock.
- Some igneous rooks like basalt are formed when molten rock cools quickly
- Others like granite are formed when molten rock cools slowly.
- All igneous rocks originate from inside the earth where the molten rock is under high pressure.
- Development of cracks in the earth’s crust allows pressure to be released forcing some of the molten rocks to the surface of the earth through the cracks.
- Some of the molten rocks that get to the cracks are called magma
- Some of the molten rock that get to the surface of the earth are called lava.
(ii) Characteristics
- The molten rocks that cools beneath the earth surface, cools slowly and form large crystal rock e.g. granite
- Those that cool at surface of the earth cool quickly and form fine crystal rocks e.g. basalt.
- Igneous rocks are referred to as crystalline rocks because they are crystals
- There are two main types of igneous rock
- Plutonic rocks which are formed deep in the crust and are seen on the surface only when exposed by prolonged erosion
- Volcanic rocks which are poured on to the earth surface where they are called lava.
- Igneous rocks do not appear in layers
- They do not contain fossils.
(iii) Structure
- Igneous rocks are either of coarse or fine grains/crystals. For instance plutonic rocks are coarse grained while volcanic rocks are fine grained.
- They do not appear in layers
(iv) colour
- When igneous rocks contains a high proportion of silica, it is said to be acidic and acid igneous rocks such as granite, are less dense are lighter in colour than basic rocks are denser and dark in colour.
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Question 66 of 75
66. Question
4(a) On an outline map of Nigeria, locate and name;
(i) one cement factory;
(ii) one textile industry;
(iii) one petro-chemical industry;
(iv) one iron and steel industry; and
(v) one important town in (i-iv)above.
(b) Examine FOUR problems facing the development of local craft industries.
(c) Highlight any THREE measures that can be adopted to solve these problems.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
4(a) On an outline map of Nigeria, locate and name;
(i) one cement factory;
(ii) one textile industry;
(iii) one petro-chemical industry;
(iv) one iron and steel industry; and
(v) one important town in (i-iv)above.
(b) Examine FOUR problems facing the development of local craft industries.
- Inadequate capital
- Obsolete technology
- Small scale production
- Little access to funds
- Weak government support
- Transport problems
- Low demand
(c) Highlight any THREE measures that can be adopted to solve these problems.
- Provision of adequate capital
- Improvement on the technology
- Credit facilities should be made available
- Government should render strong support
- Improvement on transportation network and provision of transport facilities.
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Question 67 of 75
67. Question
4. (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Isotherm;
(ii) Temperature inversion;
(iii) Lapse rate; and
(iv) Isohaline.
(b) Convert 30°C into Fahrenheit scale.
(c) Outline FOUR factors affecting climate of a place.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
4. (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Isotherm;
Isotherm is a line on a map that joins places of equal temperature.
(ii) Temperature inversion
Temperature inversion is an increase of temperature with height above the earth’s surface, being the reverse of the normal situation in which the temperature falls with height. It may occur from the earth’s surface or at the altitudes far above the surface.
(iii) Lapse rate
Lapse rate is the rate of change of temperature with height in the atmosphere, being usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet or degrees centigrade per hundred meters. The average lapse rate in the atmosphere is about 0.60C per hundred meters. This is usually known as the environmental lapse rate.
(iv) Isohaline
Isohaline is a line on a map joining points in the ocean which have equal salinity.
(b) Convert 30°C into Fahrenheit scale.
To obtain Fahrenheit from centigrade use the formular;
Fahrenheit = (1.8 × 0C) + 320F
Therefore; 300C into Fahrenheit
- Fahrenheit =(1.8 × 30) + 320F
= 54 + 32 = 860F
(c) Outline FOUR factors affecting climate of a place.
- Latitude
- Altitude
- Ocean current
- Distance from sea
- Cloud cover
- Slope or aspects
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Question 68 of 75
68. Question
5 (a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, show and name the following:
(i) Mambilla Plateau;
(ii) Cross river basin;
(iii) Eastern scarplands;
(iv) Sokoto plains; and
(v) Western high lands.
(b) Discuss the Sokoto plains under the following headings;
(i) physical setting;
(ii) population;
(iii) resources and economic activities; and
(iv) problems of development.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
5 (a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, show and name the following:
(i) Mambilla Plateau;
(ii) Cross river basin;
(iii) Eastern scarplands;
(iv) Sokoto plains; and
(v) Western high lands.
(b) Discuss the Sokoto plains under the following headings;
(i) physical setting
- It is in north western part of Nigeria
- It is of flat rolling plains on sedimentary rocks
- There are isolated low, flat-topped hills
- In the northern part, the plains have been covered with Aeolian sands
(ii) population
- The number of people living in major settlements as at 2004 is between 500,000 to 1,000,000
- The density of population is between 100 to 250 persons per square kilometer
- Sokoto population is about 4.5million people
(iii) resources and economic activities
- Water resource presence which aids fishing activities
- Tourist centers like kauta museum, argungun festival all in Birnin kebbi, sokoto museum, sultan palace, tomb of usman dan fodio
- Agricultural activities through irrigation take place
- Livestock rearing takes place
(iv) problems of development
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Question 69 of 75
69. Question
5. Distinguish between the tropical grassland and temperate grassland under the following headings:
(i) Location;
(ii) Climate; and
(iii) Vegetation.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
5. Distinguish between the tropical grassland and temperate grassland under the following headings:
(i) Location;
Tropical grassland lies within the regions between the tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn, sometimes known as torrid zone while temperature grassland lies between the torrid zone and frigid zone; in the northern hemisphere between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle, in the southern hemisphere between the tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic circle.
(ii) Climate
- Tropical grassland is the natural vegetation of regions with the tropical climate while temperate grassland is the natural vegetation with temperate climate.
- Tropical grassland is associated with climates like equatorial, equatorial monsoon, tropical marine, tropical monsoon, tropical continental, tropical desert climate while temperate grassland is associated with climates like Mediterranean, warm continental, eastern margin, western margin( British type), eastern margin(laurentian type), interior (cool continental) and temperature desert climates.
(iii) Vegetation
Tropical grassland vegetation is associated with tall grass, often reaching 2m in height in regions where the dry season lasts for about six months to seven months. The regions have scattered trees which are located near rivers, while temperate grassland vegetation is associated with evergreen open forest wood land characteristic of Mediterranean climate
Temperate grassland vegetation is also of grass which in south Africa is called the veldt, in Argentina is the pampass and in the Australia is the downs. The temperate grassland of the china type is with broad –leafed evergreen forest with deciduous trees.
Tropical grassland is of tall trees being more than grasses in areas bordering the equatorial forest because dry season lasts for only three months
In the temperate grassland plants like eucalyptus, cedar, cypress, sequoia. It also has sweet smelling herbs like lavender, rosemary, thyme, oleander, heather and broom. White in tropical grassland plants like bamboo, palp, trees, Shea butter imperata cylindrical (spear grass), cider acuta, e.t.c are found.
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Question 70 of 75
70. Question
6 (a) On a sketch map of Africa, locate and name:
(i) the equatorial climate region;
(ii) one Mediterranean climate region;
(iii) one important town in a(i and ii).
(b) State FOUR characteristics of equatorial climate.
(c)Describe THREE ways in which equatorial climate influences agriculture.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
6 (a) On a sketch map of Africa, locate and name:
(i) the equatorial climate region;
(ii) one Mediterranean climate region;
(iii) one important town in a(i and ii)
(b) State FOUR characteristics of equatorial climate.
- It is heavy rainfall with double maxima rainfall regime
- High temperature throughout the year
- Rainfall varies from 1,500-3000mm
- Temperature is almost constant at about 270C
- There are no seasons
- Annual temperature range is about 3oC all the year.
- Daily temperature range is rarely more than 80C
- Rainfall is usually conventional rain which is accompanied by lightning and thunder.
- It is hot and wet throughout the year
(c) Describe THREE ways in which equatorial climate influences agriculture.
- The fact that regions within the climate receive heavy rainfall although the year, means that the soil which has water readily available supports the cultivation of crops such as rice and sugarcane in flooded and marshy areas.
- Tuberous crops are cultivated such as yam, cassava, and cocoyam.
- There is abundance of water for plant to grow luxuriantly hence economic trees like obeche, iroko, mahogany e.t.c.
- Lumbering activities take place in the equatorial climate region
- The climate supports plantation agriculture e.g. West Africa and Zaire
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Question 71 of 75
71. Question
6(a) Differentiate between chemical and physical weathering.
(b) Explain FOUR economic importance of karst region.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
6(a) Differentiate between chemical and physical weathering.
- Chemical weathering is a process of weakening, breakup and disintegration of rocks that form the surface of the ground and lie exposed to the weather by chemical means while physical weathering is a process of weakening , breakup and disintegration of the rocks that form the surface of the ground lie exposed to the weather by physical(mechanical) means.
- Chemical weathering involves solution, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation and carbonation processes to achieve weathering while physical weathering involves temperature changes, frost action, alternative wetting and drying
- Chemical weathering can give rise to new compounds, for example, hematite, which is an iron oxide, combines with water to give limonite which is another iron compound whereas physical weathering does not give rise to new compounds.
(b) Explain FOUR economic importance of karst region
- Limestone is an important rock that is used for building and for making cement.
- For the fact that limestone is raw material used by industries, it facilitates the provision of jobs/employment.
- It is source of revenue to government and workers.
- Karst region can serve as tourist attraction, particularly where there is existence of exposed underground caves with the attendent features
- Karst region with collapse roof of underground cave can provide place for settlement, although usually small.
- Karst region does not possess surface drainage hence support little population or settlement
- The fact that the area lacks surface water, and possess rugged terrain, economic activities, water transportation and land transportation is hindered
- No meaningful agricultural activity can take place in karst region.
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Question 72 of 75
72. Question
7 (a) Explain FIVE factors that encourage irrigation in the Nile valley.
(b) State THREE problems associated with irrigation along the Nile valley. Mention FOUR crops produced in the Nile valley.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
7 (a) Explain FIVE factors that encourage irrigation in the Nile valley.
- The rainfall is not dependable or reliable.
- High rate of evaporation that makes the escape of moisture to the atmosphere possible
- High demand for agricultural raw materials
- The damming of the rivers helps in the control of annual flooding.
- Large population that demands for increased food supply.
- The availability of river Nile in the area which provides a reservoir for the water.
- River Nile passes through a desert region where there is absence of water.
- The alluvial materials deposited by Nile help in practicing basin irrigation
- The intensity of land use in Nile basin is high
(b) State THREE problems associated with irrigation along the Nile valley. Mention FOUR crops produced in the Nile valley.
- Seasonality of water in the river
- Perennial irrigation has a problem of allowing concentration of sodium in the soil which could be injurious to plants
- Displacement of people occupying the places where dams are to be constructed which require resettlement in another area.
- Construction of dams surely disturbs the free movement of rivers.
- Huge amount of money is needed for the construction of dam
- Depth of reservoir is reduced by silting
- Occasional flooding
- Outbreak of water borne diseases resulting from damming
- Presence of water weeds.
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Question 73 of 75
73. Question
7. (a) with the aid of diagram, describe the following types of drainage pattern.
(i) Radial drainage;
(ii) Dendritic drainage; and
(iii) Trellised drainage.
(b) State and explain any TWO factors that determine the regime of a river
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
7. (a) with the aid of diagram, describe the following types of drainage pattern.
(i) Radial drainage
The radial pattern develops on a dome or cone-shaped upland, such as a volcano. The rivers radiate or flow outward in a pattern that looks like spokes of a wheel.
(ii) Dendritic drainage
(iii) Trellised drainage
C-Consequent River
S- Subsequent River
Trellised drainage is associated with regions which are made up of alternate belts of hard and soft rocks which dip in the same direction and which lie at right angles to the general slope down which the consequent stream flows. The valleys of the tributaries are extended by head ward erosion into the weak rocks which are turned into wide valleys and the hard rock stand up as escarpments.
The tributaries which cut out the valleys and which do not flow down the main slope are called subsequent rivers.
(b) State and explain any TWO factors that determine the regime of a river
A river carries out the following activities
- Erosion
- Transportation
- Deposition
To achieve these activities depends on
- The flow of water through its channel.
- The flow is determined by several factors such as; the energy which makes the flow possible is provided by gravity. The amount of energy is related the gradient of its bed, volume, the nature of flow and channel shape. Increase in volume and gradient increases the energy of a river.
The volume increases from river source (where the river begins) to its mouth (where it ends), particularly in a situation where the river is within a region with even spread of rainfall for most of the year. The volume decreases if it flows through a region which receives very little rainfall for most of the year, more so if the environmental temperature is high.
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Question 74 of 75
74. Question
8. (a) On a sketch map of Africa, locate and name THREE countries with crude oil deposit.
(b) Identify FOUR problems facing mining industries?
(c)State any FOUR importance of mining to the economic development of Africa.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
8. (a) On a sketch map of Africa, locate and name THREE countries with crude oil deposit.
(b) Identify FOUR problems facing mining industries?
- Drying of well after sometime, it is dug for oil exploitation thereby not justifying the huge amount of money spent
- Loss of farmland
- Environmental deterioration
- Depletion of reserves
- Shortage of spare parts
- Inadequate skilled labour
- Poor transportation
- Mining hazards
- Overdependence
(c) State any FOUR importance of mining to the economic development of Africa.
- Source of foreign exchange
- Generates employment
- Technology transfer.
- Facilitates urban development
- Facilitates infrastructural development
- Source of raw materials for industries
- Promotes inter-regional relations
- Promotes international trade
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Question 75 of 75
75. Question
8. (a) Explain FOUR factors responsible for soil erosion.
(b) Discuss any FOUR conservation measures of soil erosion.
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This response will be reviewed and graded after submission.
Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Hint
8. (a) Explain FOUR factors responsible for soil erosion
- Climate
- Organisms
- Relief
- Parent material
- Time
1. Climate
Climate is the most important agent in soil formation. It is very active. Different soils are formed in difficult climatic zones. The dominant climatic elements that control soil formation are temperature and precipitation. Through these two elements, climate influences soil development.
2. Parent material
The parent materials refer to the under-lying rocks which on weathering form part of the soils that forms later. The structure, texture, and chemical status of soil are determined strongly by parent materials. For instance soil that develops from parent rock that is made of shale are usually clayey rocks that are of sandstone usually give rise to sandy soil which are not of much nutrient compared to clayey soils.
3. Relief
Climate and vegetation are affected by relief which also gives rise to soil development. The steepness or gradient of a relief and position of it, whether high or low altitude strongly affect the soil formation process. Under the influence of gravity of slope, soil tends to move downwards to accumulate at the base, valley floor or plain. The altitude of the slope affects the rate at which the weathering process takes place hence rate of formation of soil.
4. Organisms
Soil organisms facilitate the formation of soil. For instance earthworms, termites, crickets, rabbit e.t.c drag leaves into their burrows and in turn the leaves decompose to form soil. The remains of the plants and animals provide humus to the weathering materials hence soil is formed
5. Time
Time refers to the period it takes soil to reach its mature form. The time it takes the soil to get matured in the tropics could be hundreds of years whereas towards the temperate and polar regions it could be of thousands of years.
(b) Discuss any FOUR conservation measures of soil erosion.
- Terracing
- Ridge cultivation
- Planting of cover crops
- Afforestation
- Contour ploughing
- Strip cultivation
- Crop rotation
- Bush fallowing
- Controlled grazing
- Gully reclamation
- Run off channelization
- Sand bagging
- Enactment of law against soil excavation
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