2010 Geography WAEC Past Questions CBT

Hint

1 (a) The features of local craft industries in Nigeria

1. Small labour force is needed and is mainly members of the family are employed
2. Articles produced are in small quantities and are sold in local market
3. The production of articles is not electrically powered
4. The hours of work is irregular
5. Simple tools are used
6. Low raw materials are used
7. The workshop does not require large space
8. Products are of high artistic quality
9. Government assistance is rare
10. Income is irregular

(b) Factors affecting the location of manufacturing industries in Nigeria

1. Nearness to market
2. Nearness to source of raw material
3. Availability of labour/skilled manpower
4. Political stability
5. Availability of capital
6. Availability of power
7. Government policy
8. Nearness to and availability of seaports and airports
9. Presence of good transport facilities

(c) The ways in which industries have contributed to the economy of Nigeria

1. They have made it possible to have improved standard of living
2. Diversity of economy
3. Development of infrastructure
4. Source of foreign exchange
5. Led to the growth of towns
6. They are source of revenue to government
7. They generate employments
8. Helps in funding education and researches
9. Improvement in balance of trade
10. They help in the diversification of economy
11. They facilitate in the growth of other sectors like agriculture, lumbering, mining e.t.c
12. They help to provide assorted goods
13. They help to control inflation
14. They help in human capital development
15. Increase in gross domestic product-GDP
16. They help to conserve foreign exchange

Hint

(a)

An outline map of Nigeria

(b) Problems associated with exploration of minerals in Nigeria

1. Loss of farmlands
2. Inadequate skilled labour
3. Shortages of spare parts
4. Conflict between local people and mineral exploiters
5. Smuggling, sabotage and bunkering
6. Mining hazards
7. Fluctuation in world market
8. Difficult terrain
9. Insufficient capital
10. Environment degradation
11. Poor transport network
12. Depletion of reserves
13. Outdated topography sheets
14. Poor management

(c) Contribution of minerals to economic development of Nigeria

1. Provision of employment
2. Source of revenue to government
3. Provision of geological maps
4. Aids in transfer of technology
5. Helps in development of infrastructure
6. Provision of raw materials for industries
7. Facilitates in training and retraining of personnel
8. Helps in acquisition of skills
9. Helps in the growth of ancillary industries
10. Helps in the improvement of standard of living
11. Provides income to miners
12. Helps in providing essential goods

Hint

(a) (i) Meaning of internal trade

Internal trade means buying and selling as well as exchange of goods and services within the country.

(ii.) The commodities that are involved in internal trade in Nigeria are; cassava, garri, tomatoes, cattle, yam, plantain, fish, kolanut, groundnut, palm oil, rice, millet, beans, guinea corn, rice. e.t.c.

(b) Factors that encourage internal trade in Nigeria are

1. Good transportation network
2. Fertile soil
3. Differences in products between regions
4. Wide market and demand
5. Common currency
6. Government encouragement
7. Availability of different minerals in different areas of the country
8. Local technology differences e.g. craft making, typing and dyeing
9. Availability of credit facilities

(c) Problems limiting internal trade in Nigeria

1. Prevalence of high level of pest and diseases which gives rise to poor crop yield
2. Unfavourable climate
3. Poor transportation network in the areas where production of different items takes place
4. Poor storage facilities
5. Political instability
6. Low technology
7. Smuggling
8. Communal clashes
9. The rate of rural to urban migration is high

Hint

(a)

An outline map of Nigeria showing the Groundnut and Cocoa belts

(b) Physical condition for production of groundnut in Nigeria is;

1. Presence of sandy or loamy soil for planting and harvesting
2. Long dry season for harvesting, drying as well as storage
3. Requires average temperature of 25⁰ to 30⁰
4. Wide plains of the north for the cultivation
5. Requires moderate rainfall of 100cm annually

(c) The ways in which groundnut production has contributed to the economy of Nigeria include

1. Generation of employment
2. Provision of food
3. Provision of industrial raw materials
4. Source of income to farmers
5. Provision of foreign exchange earnings
6. Helps in development of social amenities such as transport network
7. Provides market for industrial goods like pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides
8. Development of towns
9. Provision of animal feeds

Hint

(a)

An outline map of Africa showing Equatorial rainforest and Tropical grasslands

(b) The characteristics of equatorial rainforest vegetation are

• The vegetation layer is arranged in layers
• It consists of upper layer, middle and lower layers
• The upper layer is made up of trees that are 40m to 60m tall, middle layer are of trees between 30m to 40m tall while the lower layer is made up of shrubs, trees and herbs of up to 20m tall
• The trees form canopies that are continuous in the upper layer
• The trees are of long trunks and buttress roots
• The trees are evergreen
• The trees do not appear in pure stands
• The fact that they form canopy prevents penetration of sunlight hence little undergrowth exists in the forest
• The trees possess thin barks
• There is abundance of hard woods like Mahogany, Iroko, Cider, Obeche e.t.c
• Lianas and climbers are present
• The trees are of broad leaves
• There exists a lot of species of plants

(c) The ways in which the tropical rainforest vegetation is of economic importance are

1. The roots, barks and leaves serve medicinal purposes
2. Wood serves as fuel
3. Trees provide timber for construction and building works
4. The trees provide materials for tanning and dyeing
5. The timber derived are used as railway slippers
6. The fruits, seeds and leaves are used as food for both man and animals
7. They are source of revenue to the government and individual
8. It provides employment for lumbermen, hunters, and forest guards
9. Raw materials for local crafts are derived from the vegetation
10. They provide meat for humans through hunting of the wild animals

Hint

(a) Name any four irrigation areas in the Nile Valley.

(i) Lower Nile valley from the Aswan Dam to the Delta in Egypt.
(ii) Sennar (Sudan).
(iii) Kenena (Sudan).
(iv) Middle Nile valley in the Sudan.
(v) Kasm-el-Girba area along the Atbara in Eastern Sudan.
(vi) Khasimel Girba (Egypt).
(vii) Lake shores.

(b) Describe the perennial method of irrigation in the Nile Valley.

(1) Mostly, modern methods of irrigation are used in the Nile valley.
(2) Dams and barrages are built across the Nile
(3) Dams hold back some of the Nile water during the floods.
(4) Water stored behind the dams is released especially when the level of the rivers is low.
(5) Water is allowed to flow by gravity to the cultivated land below the dam.
(6) By releasing the water, farming takes place throughout the year.
(7) The most important of these dams is the Aswan Dam.
(8) Some other dams in this areas are Jebel Aulia, Sennar, etc.

(c) Explain any four problems created by irrigation in the Nile Valley.

(i) Irrigation uses up the water which otherwise could have been used for other demands, e.g. Hydro electric power generation, transportation, etc.
(ii) The creation of the Nasser lake by the Aswan Dam led to the submergence of several settlements and displacement of over 50,000 persons who had to be resettled in the Kasm-el-Girba area in the Sudan.
(iii) The holding back of some silt and other sediments by the lakes and dams has prevented them from reaching the lower Nile valley in Egypt and were deposited there.
(iv) The reduction in the sediments load of the lower Nile has decreased the rate at which sand banks are being built in the delta. The result of this is that the Mediterranean Sea has flooded over 400,000 hectares of fertile farmlands.
(iv) Fluctuation in the volume of water and salination.
(v) Social problems of displaced people (resettlement) and collapsed dam.
(vi) Retained water in the dams creates diseases e.g. Bilharzia, river blindness.
(vii) Growth of water weeds.
(viii) Decrease in amount of fresh water has led to decline of fishing industry in Egypt.

Hint

(a)

A sketch map of Africa

(b) The contribution of oil to the economic development of Nigeria/Libya/Algeria

• Sources of foreign exchange earnings
• Facilitates the growth of towns
• Gives opportunities for acquisition of skills
• Generates employment
• Improves standard of living
• Growth of ancillary industries e.g. petrochemical industries
• Helps in diversifying economy
• Source of revenue to the government
• Provides income to workers
• Facilitates the development of infrastructure
• Provision of essential goods e.g. petrol, kerosene, grease, engine oil e.t.c
• Provides raw materials for industries e.g. textiles, agro-allied, pharmaceutical industries
• Leads to the production of geologic maps

(c)  Problems affecting the mining of petroleum in Nigeria/Libya/Algeria

• Destruction of aquatic ecosystem
• Inadequate capital to exploit the minerals
• Conflicts with local people
• Difficult terrain
• Environmental pollution
• Poor transport network
• Poor management
• Price fluctuations at world market
• Sabotage by the people within the mining area
• Inadequate trained man power
• High cost of production

Hint

2 (i) The commodities of world trade are

1. Agricultural raw materials like wheat, cotton, rubber, cocoa, coffee e.t.c
2. Manufactured goods like motor vehicles, computers, e.t.c
3. Food items e.g. wheat, rice, millet, guinea corn e.t.c
4. Minerals e.g. petroleum, copper, gold, tin, columbite e.t.c

(ii) World sea routes

1. North Pacific sea route
2. Cape route
3. North Atlantic sea route
4. South Atlantic sea route
5. Panama sea route
6. Suez canal route
7. South Pacific sea route

(b) The conditions that favour trade among countries

1. Demand for products
2. Agreement between trading partners
3. Climatic differences
4. Specialization of production in one country and none in the other country
5. Political interest
6. Different technological advancements
7. Tariff differences
8. Prices of goods differences
9. Need to earn foreign exchange
10. Transportation facilities

(c) Reason for low volume of trade among African countries are:

1. Difference in currency
2. Low level of technology
3. Similarity of products
4. Trade barriers e.g. tariffs
5. Preference for imported goods
6. Political instability
7. Transport facilities
8. Poor communication network
9. Low level of savings
10. Presence of regional trade unions
11. Colonial ties
12. Similarities of ecological environment

Hint

1. (a.) Explain the term rural settlement

A rural settlement is a small settlement that has a few people. A rural settlement includes; farm stead, home stead, hamlet and village. Fishing, agriculture lumbering e.t.c are prominent primary activities.

(b.) description of 3 types of rural settlement

1. Farm stead is of two or more home stead’s but usually is dispersed because they are separated by farm lands.

2. Homestead is of one compound which is usually isolated. It is separated by farmlands and bushes. It could be located in such a manner that it has little or no social interaction because of distance from other homesteads

3. Hamlet:  it is made up of dispersed, nucleated as well as linear homesteads, they may have facilities like schools, shops, e.t.c. the population is usually of hundreds of people. The primary activities of the people are fishing, farming, gathering and hunting e.t.c.

4. Village is a settlement that is rural and of many homesteads. It may be nucleated, dispersed or even linear. It has larger population than hamlet, farmstead and homestead. Its population could be several thousands of people. The people engage in primary activities. There could be some crafts or village industries. They may be some service centres like post offices, schools, markets and health centers. It has homogenous population, as well as poor accessibility with no planned layout.

(c) Outline five differences between rural and urban settlements

1. Rural areas are not prone to pollution while urban centers are prone to pollution
2. Urban areas have their streets well planned while rural areas have their roads not planned
3. There is no planned layout in rural areas whereas urban centers have well planned layouts.
4. Urban centers have their buildings constructed with modern materials like bricks, cement, corrugated iron sheets, glass doors and windows while rural houses are usually with local materials like thatch and mud
5. In grading rural areas/settlements are of homesteads farmsteads, hamlets and villages while settlements are in conurbations, megalopolis, millionaire city, agglomeration e.t.c
6. Generally, rural settlements are smaller in size than urban settlements
7. Urban centers are more densely populated than rural areas
8. In urban centers higher order services are provided, such as insurance, banking e.t.c than rural areas.

Hint

(a) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe the instruments used to measure rainfall.

Rain gauge

Description of rain gauge

It is made up of the following parts

• Funnel of about 12.5cm wide
• Glass bottle which the funnel leads into
• Container made of copper cylinder that houses the glass jar or bottle
• Graduated measuring cylinder is also used to measure the water collected in the glass jar

(b) Explain how the instruments are used to obtain total annual rainfall

1. Every day readings are taken
2. Remove the funnel every day
3. Pour the water collected in the glass jar into the graduated measuring cylinder
4. Take the reading and record for that day
5. This exercise is continued for the whole year, and the amount of water collected each day recorded.
6. Sum up the amounts for the whole year to obtain the total annual rainfall

NOTE: i. For simplicity, at the end of every month, sum up the readings.

ii. sum up for the whole year i.e. the twelve months that make one year.

(c) State any two precautions to be taken in the use of the instruments.

• The rain gauge must be sited in an open place i.e. no trees, buildings or any obstacle that intercepts raindrops should be seen around the site of rain gauge.
• The top of the rain gauge must be about 25cm to 30cm above the ground

Hint

(a) Define the term soil

Soil is the weathered top layer of the earth crust on which plants grow and derive their nutrients. It is made up of organic matter (humus), inorganic matter, air, water and living organisms.

(b) Outline three functions of soil.

1. It provides a medium under which plants grow
2. It is a source of raw material for industries e.g. sand and clay
3. It provides water and air for plant growth
4. It provides construction materials for buildings and roads
5. Man builds on soil
6. It supports agricultural activities which enables man have food and animals

(c) Highlight any two negative effects of man’s activities on soil.

1. The deforestation which man carries out accelerates soil erosion
2. Exposing the soil surface through the removal of vegetation cover causes the loss of ground water through capillary forces
3. Depletion of nutrients through over cropping and overgrazing
4. Oil spillage and application of chemical fertilizers cause soil pollution
5. Top soil is destroyed by mining activities

(d) Describe any two methods of conserving soil.

1. Afforestation
2. Strip cropping
3. Contour ploughing
4. Bush fallowing
5. Planting of grasses(grassing)
6. Mulching
7. Terracing of slopes
8. Channelization of surface runs off to prevent soil erosion.

Hint

Write explanatory notes on the following:

(a) formation of clouds

When the ground is heated up by the sun, the water vaporizes and feeds into the air which is made to rise into a higher altitude. As the air which is moisture laden rises, it is cooled by expansion. The cooling of the air with altitude leads to saturation and condensation around the hydroscopic nuclei hence coalescence of particles to form clouds. Tiny droplets of water vapour which are too small to fall as rain or snow (less than 0.01 mm) will be suspended in the air and float as clouds.

(b) relief rainfall.

This type of rainfall is formed whenever moist air is forced to ascend a mountain barrier. It is often common in coastal areas where highlands lie at right angles to the coast. The rising air expands cools and condenses. These activities lead to formation of clouds at the windward side (i.e. the side of relief that faces the on-coming wind) and rainfall at this side. The fact that moisture has been extracted from the wind at the windward side renders the wind cool and dry at the opposite side (leeward side) where there is little or no rain. The other term that can be used in place of leeward slope or side is rain shadow.

Hint

(a) What is water pollution?

Water pollution can be defined as the release or injection of harmful substances into the water bodies in quantities that are harmful to man, animals and plants.

b) Highlight any three causes of water pollution.

1. Oil spillage
2. Utilization of same water by man and animals
3. Discharge of industrial effluents or waste into water bodies
4. Application of detergents in the water bodies
5. Use of chemical fertilizers
6. Volcanic eruption
7. Acid rain
8. Release of domestic waste into water
9. Use of chemicals for fishing in water bodies.

(c) Outline three effects of water pollution.

1. Causes water borne diseases e.g. cholera e.t.c
2. Causes the death of aquatic plants and animals
3. Encourages the growth of sea weed (hyacinth) and algae which destroy the aesthetic value of the water and hampers transport
4. Reduces the recreational value of water
5. Creates the scarcity of water for domestic use as well as industrial use
6. Loss of many man-hours in search of useable water
7. Creates unemployment among fishermen.
8. Causes death of human through diseases borne by the polluted water bodies

(d) List any two measures that can be used to control water pollution.

1. Avoid dumping untreated waste into the water bodies
2. Provide public utilities such as incinerators, toilets and bathrooms. e.t.c
3. Treatment of industrial wastes
4. Enactment of laws on the use of water bodies
5. Public enlightenment or sensitization.

Hint

Write explanatory notes on drought under the following:

(a) causes

1. Changes in weather and climate
2. Absence of rainfall for a long time
3. High rate of evaporation which exceeds amount of rainfall received
4. Low cloud cover
5. High daily temperature without corresponding rainfall.

(b) effects

1. Shortage or scarcity of food
2. Famine
3. Causes crop failure
4. Forced migration
5. Water bodies dry up
6. Inhibited growth of plants
7. Malnutrition
8. Conflicts between farmers and herdsmen
9. Death of animals and plants
10. Excessive heat which generates illnesses
11. Desertification

(c) control

1. Planting of cover crops
2. Afforestation
3. Enactment of laws against cutting of trees and bush burning
4. Construction of irrigation dams
5. Planting of trees to protect ground water
6. Embarking on cloud seeding or artificial rain making.

Hint

(a) What is a plateau?

By definition, a plateau is an elevated upland with extensive level surface and usually descends steeply to the surrounding lowland. Because of the physical appearance, a plateau is sometimes referred to as a tableland.

(b) List two types of plateaux

1. Tectonic plateau
2. Lava plateau or volcanic plateau
3. Dissected plateau or residual plateau
4. Intermontane plateau

(c) Describe the formation of any one type of plateau listed in (b) above.

(i) Lava or volcanic plateau

This type of plateau is formed when cracks are created within the earth that extend to the mantle through the crust. This enables a release of pressure from the core of the earth. This facilitates the movement of magma to the surface of the earth through the cracks or tissues. At the surface of the earth, the lava solidifies to form the volcanic plateau. Examples of volcanic plateau are; Antrim plateau of Northern Ireland and the north-western part of the Deccan plateau, the Columbia snake plateau.

(ii) Tectonic plateau

This type of plateau is formed by earth movement which causes uplift and is normally of a considerable size, and fairly uniform altitude. It has a continental block like the Deccan plateau in India. Some of these types of plateau may be tilted like the Meseta of Central Liberia, or faulted like the Harz of Germany.

(iii) Intermontane plateau

This type of plateau is formed when a plateau is enclosed by fold mountain example is the Tibetan plateau between the Himalayas and the Kunlun and the Bolivian plateau between two ranges of the Andes.

(iv) Dissected plateau

This is formed by the continual process of weathering and erosion by running water, ice and wind on high and extensive plateau, gradually worn down and their surface made irregular. In humid high lands, stream actions can cut deep, narrow valleys in the plateaux which can be described as dissected plateau. Scottish highlands are good examples; Kumasi plateau of Ghana, Udi-Nsukka plateau are also included examples.

(d) Highlight three ways in which plateaux are of importance to man.

1. Some plateaux are for tourist attraction
2. Plateaux provide minerals e.g. iron-ore, copper, zinc, uranium e.t.c
3. Plateaux in the tropics have equable climate that favour settlement e.g. Jos plateau in Nigeria
4. Plateaux encourages farming activities
5. Plateau encourages grazing for animals
6. Plateaux act as watershed to rivers e.g. Fouta djallon highland
7. Falls from plateaux could be used to generate hydro-electric power

Hint

(a.) The distance from Agbeyangi to Marafa as the crow flies= ?

NOTE: As crow flies mean straight line distance.

Distance between the two location as derived from measurement taken on the map using ruler=20.6cm

Scale of the map= 1:50,000

NOTE: 100,000= 1km

:. 50,000 cm= 0.5km

• 6cm on the map= (20.6 × 0.5) km
• 10.3km

:. The distance from Agbeyangi to Marafa = 10.3km

(b) Describe the drainage of the mapped area

1. The numerous networks of stream channels which indicates that mapped areas is well drained
2. There are many tributaries to the major river, which is River Oshin
3. The direction of flow of River Oshin is to the north eastern part of the area
4. Many rivers take their source from the central ridge, the water shed.
5. Generally, the river pattern is dendritic.
6. The ridge in the north eastern part of the mapped area is a watershed where some rivers radiate from.
7. The direction of flow of the river in the north west is northwards

(c) Explain the relationship between the relief and the road network in the area

1. The roads avoid the highlands
2. The roads take advantage of the valley floors parallel to the Igporin hill
3. The spurs house the secondary and minor roads as well as the foot paths
4. Steep slopes are avoided by the roads
5. The roads pass through the col, passes or saddles

(d) Identify two land use types on the mapped area

1. The land is used for agricultural activities as evidence by the presence of scattered cultivation
2. The land is used for transportation as the presence of roads is seen on the mapped area
3. The area is also used for education because schools are present
4. There are markets in the area hence the land is used for commercial activities

Hint

(a) Draw a comparative / group bar graph to represent the statistics

(b) State two advantages of using comparative / group bar graphs in showing statistics

1. It can be used to represent a wide range of geographical, economic as well as social data
2. It helps a lot in making comparison of items easy
3. It shows a complete and correct impression of the quantities under consideration
4. Computation of items is easy

(c) Name one other method that can be used in showing the statistics

1. Composite bar graph
2. Divided bar graph