2011 Geography WAEC Past Questions CBT

Hint

(a) (i) Define the term migration

Migration is defined as the movement of people involving the change of residence from one location to another either on temporary or permanent basis in search of a better living standard.

(ii) Name four types of migration in Africa.

1. Rural-urban migration
2. Rural-rural migration
3. Urban-urban migration
4. Urban-rural migration
5. International migration which involves immigration and emigration
6. Seasonal migration which involves transhumance

(b) Outline any four causes of migration in Africa.

1. Climatic factors
2. Edaphic factors e.g. fertile land
3. Relief (topography) as practiced by cattle herds men (transhumance)
4. Social factors e.g. in search of good education, electricity and good water supply
5. Cultural/traditional factors e.g. social stigma
6. Political factors e.g. creation of new regional /state/federal capital
7. Migration for economic reasons e.g. industrial areas, commercial areas, agricultural activities e.t.c
8. Natural disaster e.g. earth quakes and volcanicity, gully erosion e.t.c
9. Historical factors
10. Insecurity e.g. during religious and tribal crises
11. Population pressure.

(c) Suggest any three ways by which migration can be reduced in Africa.

1. Provision of social amenities in rural areas
2. Political stability
3. Development of good governance
4. Strong legislation on migration and emigration
5. Improvement in agricultural practices in rural areas
6. Creation of employment opportunities in the rural areas
7. Quick attention to natural disaster
8. Besides primary and secondary education in the rural areas, tertiary institutions like polytechnics and universities should be established in the rural areas
9. Poverty alleviation programmes initiatives for the rural areas should be pursued vigorously.

Hint

(a) Write notes on:

(i) Dispersed settlement

The houses in this form of settlement are scattered in nature. The communities of this sort are of rural farming set up usually farm lands are behind every house.

(ii) Linear settlement.

This form of settlement consists of a line of houses along roads, rivers and the edge of swamp forest. The settlers settle there as a result of the presence of the road and river.

(b) Explain any four factors that favour the location of settlements

1. Location at a route termini e.g. railway termini like port Harcourt and Lagos(Nigeria)
2. Location as a result of mineral existence e.g. Johannesburg (south Africa)
3. Political reasons e.g. Abuja in Nigeria
4. Location of modal areas e.g. where rout ways meet, Chicago(USA), Singapore(Malaysia)
5. Location on fertile plains e.g. kano(Nigeria)
6. Location at hydro-electric power site e.g. Kainji(Nigeria)
7. Location based on availability of suitable land
8. Location based on good defence site
9. Location based on adequate supply of water
10. Location at river confluence e.g. Khartoum(Sudan), Lokoja(Nigeria)

(c) Outline any three functions of urban settlement.

1. Education centers with existence of schools
2. Provision of social services
3. Commercial functions
4. Religious and cultural functions
5. Innovation center
6. Recreation function
7. Provision of employment
8. Serves as administrative center
9. Provision of higher order services

Hint

(a)Highlight five advantages that air transport has over other means of transportation.

1. Covers long distance in a short time than other means
2. It is faster than other means of transport
3. In time of emergency, air transport is better used as its faster
4. Lighter goods of higher value are better transported by air transport
5. It uses direct routes and great circle routes
6. It is relatively more secure
7. The routes do not require maintenance
8. More comfortable than other means of transport
9. Not affected by ground conditions.

(b) Explain five problems limiting air transportation in your country.

1. Inadequate spare parts for aircrafts maintenance
2. Inadequate airport facilities
3. Inadequate capital to purchase many aircrafts
4. Competition with other means of transport e.g. railway road e.t.c
5. Low patronage due to low income and high, expensive fares
6. Low level of technology
7. Inadequate skilled labour for aircraft maintenance and manufacturing
8. Poor management
9. Aviation fuel is too expensive
10. The carriage capacity is low
11. Usually affected by weather hazard like poor visibility

Hint

(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, mark and name:

(i) latitudes 5°N, 13⁰N and longitude 8°E

(ii) one area with rainfall of about 600 mm

(iii) one area with rainfall between 2000 mm and 3050 mm

(iv) One town in each of the areas in (ii) and (iii) above

An outline map of Nigeria

(b)   Describe the rainfall pattern in Nigeria.

1. Over 3000mm of rain spread over 8-10 months is received at the coastal area
2. Less than 250mm of rainfall spread over 3-4 months is received at the extreme north
3. The rainfall distribution in Nigeria is not even in nature
4. As one moves from the coast towards the north, the amount of rainfall decreases
5. The high altitude areas like Jos region receives higher rainfall of between 1500mm—2000mm annually
6. In the south, there is double maxima rainfall regime in the months of June and October
7. In the north there is single rainfall regime in September
8. There are two major seasons which are wet and dry seasons.
9. There exists little or short period of dry season in between the two major season known as August break in the month of August.
10. The beginning of the raining season is usually accompanied by thunder storm and lightning
11. The southwest and southeast experience heaviest rainfall
12. At times the beginning of wet season could be delayed causing drought conditions which may even get to the southern part of the country.
13. At times the rainfall may be so heavy that destructive flood is generated
14. The seasonal migration of the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) or inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is followed by the wet season.

Hint

(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name:

(i) the North Central Highlands;

(ii) the Rivers Niger and Benue

An outline map of Nigeria

(b) Name two export crops and four food crops of the North Central Highlands.

Export crops

1. Groundnut
2. Cotton

Food crops

1. Millet
2. Tomatoes
3. Maize
4. Onions
5. Beans
6. Guinea corn
7. Rice
8. Yam

(c) Describe the North Central Highlands under the following headings:

(i) agricultural activities

(ii) problems of development

1. There exists a lot of pest and diseases e.g. locust, grasshopper e.t.c. diseases such as cerebrospinal meningitis, river blindness
2. Mostly subsistence farming is practiced
3. Dryness and heat are excessive
4. Desertification/desert encroachment
5. Nomadic nature of the cattle fulanis
6. Urban flooding from substandard dams
7. Less rainfall
8. Overgrazing and rugged terrain
9. There is intensive rural-urban migration which affects labour seriously.

Hint

(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name:

(i) Jos Plateau, Oban Hills and Mandara Mountains.

(ii) Rivers Ogun and Gongola.

An outline map of Nigeria

(b) Describe the location and size of Nigeria.

1. The country is located in west Africa sub region of Africa
2. It extends from latitude 4⁰N to latitude 14⁰N and longitude 3⁰E to longitude 15⁰E
3. It implies that latitudinal extent from south to north is 10⁰ which longitudinal extent is 12⁰ from west to east
4. It is bordered by Chad republic in the north-east
5. It is also bordered in the northwest by Niger republic
6. It is bordered in the east by Cameroon republic
7. It is bordered in the west by Benin republic
8. It is bordered in the south by the Atlantic ocean
9. It is the eastern end of West Africa.

Size

1. The country occupies a land area of approximately 923,768sqkm
2. It has west to east extend of 1,300km which is distance taken from between longitude 3⁰E and 15⁰E along 12⁰N latitude.
3. Along longitude 6⁰E, the north to south widest distance is 1,100km by approximation
4. Nigeria is about four times the size of Ghana, eighty six times the size of Gambia, thirteen times the size of Sierra-leone and
5. It is the most populous country in Africa.

(c) Highlight three economic importance of highlands to the economy of Nigeria

1. They are source of minerals
2. They facilitate the development of hydro-electric power generation
3. They support agricultural activities e.g. the nomads move their cattle and livestock seasonally from place to place between the highlands and the valleys – transhumance
4. They provide tourist attraction
5. They provide water shed as the source of rivers
6. They provide ground for hunting
7. They aid in the formation of rain, the orographic rainfall
8. Act as wind breaks
9. They are useful for defence.

Hint

(a) Draw an outline map of Africa. On the map, show and name:

(i) the Kainji Dam

(ii) Aswan Dam

(iii) Drakensberg Mountains

(iv) the Atlas Mountains.

An outline map of Africa

(b)Outline five importance of hydroelectric power to the economy of African countries.

• Sources of income to workers
• Settlement is attractive to workers
• Foreign exchange is generated
• Provides employment opportunity
• Source of revenue for the government
• Provides power for industrial operations
• Provides electricity for domestic use.

Hint

(a) Draw a sketch map of Africa, On it show and name:

(i) Cameroun Highlands

(ii) Fouta Djallon Highlands

(iii) one important river that takes its source from any of the highlands named in (a)(i) and (ii) above

An outline map of Africa

(b) Highlight four ways in which rivers are important to the economy of Africa.

1. They help to generate hydro-electric power (HEP) e.g. Kainji dam on River Niger .
2. They provide employment
3. Source of food supply e.g. sea food like fish.
4. Some are used for irrigation purposes
5. They are useful for industrial operations
6. They are used for domestic purposes
7. Soils for agriculture are provided by the deposit of fertile alluvium
8. For recreation
9. As medium of transportation

(c) Outline three problems limiting the use of African rivers.

1. Some of the rivers are seasonal
2. Fluctuation of the volume of the rivers
3. Presence of water fall and rapids
4. Presence of water weeds or floating vegetation.
5. Some of the rivers are short and swift (fast) flowing
6. Silting and development of sand banks along the river channels
7. Shallow rivers
8. Presence of debris
9. Some of the rivers are of deltaic mouth

Hint

(a) Identify any four factors that favour lumbering in Democratic Republic of Congo.

1. High demand of timber as fuel
2. Foreign capital availability
3. Forest vegetation is present
4. There exists favourable climates for the growth of trees
5. Processing of the raw materials is done by efficient sawmill industries
6. There are ready markets
7. Water is readily available to float the timbers

(b) Explain any four problems of lumbering in Democratic Republic of Congo.

1. Illegal felling of trees
2. Forest resource depletion
3. Difficulty in floating of hardwood in the rivers
4. Economic trees are not in pure stands
5. There is difficulty in the extraction of needed economic trees
6. The location of the forest interior makes it difficult to transport
7. The swampy nature of the ground makes the timber tracks muddy and impassable.
8. The presence of buttress roots make felling of the trees difficult and dangerous
9. Transportation of timber destined for export to the coast is very expensive and time consuming
10. It is difficult to drag timber through the thick forest.

(c) Outline two ways in which any of the problems in (b) above could be solved.

1. Plantation of economic trees should be encouraged
2. For evacuation to be easy, wider tracks should be constructed
3. Suitable equipment like tractors should be procured
4. Forest guards should be appointed to enforce the law
5. The people and government should embark on afforestation and reafforestation
6. Good transport system should be developed for easy evacuation of timber.
7. The surrounding vegetation should be constantly cleared.
8. Timber processing factories should be established in areas of restriction of water transport.

Hint

Study the map extract on a scale of 1:50,000 and answer the following questions:

(a) Draw the outline of the map provided to a new scale of 1:150,000

(b) On the new outline; insert and name

(i) Otta settlement

(ii) a 250 ft. contour line in the eastern part

(iii) the full length of lju stream and show its direction of flow with an arrow

(a) an outline of the map

Measurements taken from the original map indicate;

Length (north to south) = 36.6cm

Breadth (east to west) = 36.6cm

New outline, length = 36.6cm ÷ 3 = 12.2cm

New outline breadth =36.6cm ÷ 3 = 12.2cm

Scale of the map => 1:150,000

:. The map (original) is to be reduced by three times.

(b) 1. Otta settlement

2. A 250ft contour line

3. Iju stream and its direction of flow with an arrow.

(c)  State three functions of Otta settlement.

1. It performs commercial functions because there is presence of a market
2. Administrative functions with the presence of a court and police station
3. It performs religious functions with the presence of churches and mosques
4. It performs educational functional functions with the presence of schools
5. It performs social functions with the presence of hospital/dispensary, rest houses
6. The other functions which Otta settlement performs is communication as well as transport because of post office and road respectively.

(d)  State two occupations of the inhabitants of Idiroko and give reasons for your answer.

1. Teaching as there are schools
2. Trading with the presence of market
3. Civil service with the presence of post office
4. Pastoral service with the presence of churches

Hint

(a) Describe each of the following instruments used in chain surveying.

(i) Ranging poles

(ii) Arrows

Ranging poles

1. Ranging pole is from 2meters to 3meters long
2. It has alternative painting of black and white or red and white
3. It is made of light metal or wood
4. It is pointed at one end which is shod with steel which makes it easier to be stuck to ground when surveying goes on
5. It has each band of colour measuring up to 500m

Arrows

1. Arrows are survey instruments that are pointed metal markers which can be stuck into the ground
2. They are bent at the top into a circle to which a rag can be tied to make them easy to see.

(b)With the aid of a diagram, show how you would overcome an uncompleted building which poses an obstacle to chaining

Assume and establish A and B as two points on the line approaching the obstacles. Set out equal perpendicular AC, BD  with it beyond the obstacle from  E and F set out perpendicular EG and FH equal to AC then G and H are in line with AB and CE equals AG

Hint

(a) (i) Name any two types of rainfall.

1. Relief or orographic rainfall
2. Conventional rainfall
3. Frontal or cyclonic or depressional rainfall

(ii) State the region where each of the two types of rainfall named in (a)(i)above is prevalent.

1. Relief or orographic rainfall takes place mostly at highland or mountainous regions
2. Conventional rainfall occurs mostly within the tropics
3. Frontal or cyclonic or depressional rainfall mostly takes place at the temperate region

(b) Write explanatory notes on the formation of the two types of rainfall named in (a)(i) above.

i. Relief/Orographic rainfall:

1. Moisture laden wind blows towards a highland
2. On getting in contact with a mountain or highland, the wind is made to rise or ascend
3. The rising causes the wind to expand and cool
4. The water vapour condenses to form a cloud at the windward slope of the highland
5. The wind attains a dew point after a slight disturbance
6. The rain falls at the individual side of the highland.

ii. Conventional rainfall:

As the earth’s surface is heated, the moist air rises and expands. The moisture is carried by convention currents. The risen vapour condenses into a Cumulonimbus cloud. As the cooling continues, water droplets fall back as torrential downpour. The rain is accompanied by thunder and lightning. Usually regions which are intensely heated up during the day commonly experience conventional rainfall, as in the tropics and temperate interiors during summer.

iii. Frontal or cyclonic rainfall

This type of rainfall is formed due to the convergence of two air masses- cold and warm air masses. They have different characteristics in term of pressure, temperature including other physical properties. Naturally, the cold air is denser (heavier) and it tends to be closer to the ground. The warm air mass is lighter and rises to higher altitude. With the cold air being under the warm air mass, condensation takes place and leads to cyclonic or frontal rainfall

Hint

(a) Calculate the:

(i) annual rainfall

January to December

NOTE: Add all figures (values) as assigned to each month

Total annual rainfall = (10+80+20+18+5+50+40+40+90+20+50+40)mm = 463mm is annual rainfall

(ii) mean annual rainfall.

the sum of rainfall for the 12 month ÷ by 12

= total rainfall/12 =463/12 = 38.58mm

(b) Name the instruments used in measuring the following weather elements:

(i) pressure;

(ii) sunshine;

(iii) rainfall;

(iv) temperature

1. Pressure is barometer
2. Sunshine is sundial/ stoke’s sunshine recorder
3. Rainfall is rain gauge
4. Temperature is thermometer

(c) Describe four effects of climate on agriculture.

1. Plants uses sunshine for photosynthesis
2. Agricultural products require sunshine
3. In regions like equatorial climate region where temperature is high, and rainfall also high crops like root crops e.g. yam, cassava, cocyam, e.t.c grow well.
4. Animal rearing is made prominent in tropical continental climate of high temperature and limited rainfall
5. Places of cold weather like the polar regions rear reindeer because such animals are well adapted to the environment
6. The existence of high temperature and high rainfall in the equatorial regions encourages quick growth and regeneration of plants hence constant weeding is needed so as to promote high yield of crops.
7. Winds are used for winnowing, dispersal of seed and pollination.
8. In regions of less rainfall and high temperature crops like grains e.g. millet, rice, guinea corn do well.
9. Areas of heavy rainfall especially sloppy areas witness soil erosion.

Hint

(a) Explain the processes of wind erosion

1. Deflation

In a desert environment, the force of wind helps to scoop, lift and blow away unconsolidated earth materials. In trying to achieve this, sand particles are carried away by saltation, fine particles are carried away in suspension while gravel and small stones are moved by traction

2. Abrasion

Wind blasts the rock surfaces with sand it carries. The hard grains of the sand are hurled against the rocks. With this action, rock surfaces are smoothened and polished by these grains. Rocks of differential hardness experience differential abrasion which produces honey-combing and etching in rocks.

3. Attrition

This process involves the rubbing together of rock particles. This means that the rock particles collide against one another and friction exists amongst them. As the rock particles rub, collide against one another, the sizes reduce.

(b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the features of a barchan dune.

A Barchan dune

Barchan dune is a depositional feature produced by wind action.

1. It is crescent in shape
2. It has a gentle and convex shape at the windward side and steep at the leeward side as well as being concave.
3. The feature is associated with deserts
4. It has two horns which point to the direction of the wind
5. It could grow up to 30m high
6. Barchans lie transversely to the wind direction. Many barchans can join together into a line of irregular ridges
7. Good examples of barchans can be seen in the Sahara desert

Hint

(a) Write explanatory notes on the following:

(i) Springs

1. Water that flows out of the ground is known as a spring
2. A spring or line of springs can develop where water-table meets the surface
3. There are several ways spring can develop
4. When permeable rock lies on top of an impermeable rock
5. When well-jointed rocks form hilly country. Water enters the rock through the joints and springs often occur where the water-table meets the surface
6. When a dyke acts as a dam and cuts across a layer of permeable rock then the water on the up-slope side of the dyke is impounded and this causes the water-table to rise and any where the water-table meets the surface, spring develops
7. When chalk or limestone escarpment overlie impermeable rocks. Line of springs usually occur at the bottom of the scarp slope, where the water-table meets the surface
8. When gently sloping layers of permeable rock alternate with layers of impermeable rock. Rain falling on the exposed end of the permeable rocks soaks down the sloping and bedding planes and emerges as springs.

(ii) Caverns

Caverns are features of limestone region formed as a result of dissolution of limestone underneath the earth surface. It is an underground feature with a continuous percolation of water through the joints. Some calcite deposits are seen at the roots of the cave, known as stalactite and another protruding upwards from the bottom, know as stalagmite. Both stalactite and stalagmite join over time to form calcite pillar or column.

(b)Highlight four ways in which limestone is important to man.

1. Limestone is used as raw material for manufacturing cement
2. Limestone is used for ornamental purposes
3. Limestone is use for construction
4. Limestone is used for the smelting of tin and iron
5. Limestone generates revenue
6. Features produced by limestone acts as source of tourist attraction.

Hint

(a) Describe any three causes of air pollution

1. Fumes from the exhausts of motor vehicles and aeroplanes
2. Emission of chloroflurocarbons (CFC) from cooling systems like fridges/freezers e.t.c
3. Dust from mineral works
4. Fumes from dangerous weapons and bomb explosions
5. Emissions from domestic sources
6. Improper disposal of wastes emits odour (offensive smell) to the air.

(b) Outline three major effects of air pollution

1. Causes illness especially lung associated diseases like asthma and cancer
2. Causes smog which impairs visibility
3. General discomfort like eye irritation, catarrh, cough e.t.c
4. Depletion of ozone layer
5. Destruction of plants, soil and animals
6. Corrosion of materials and destruction by burning of green plants by acid rain.

(c) Suggest two ways of controlling air pollution

1. Enactment of laws by government on air pollution
2. Enlightenment campaigns
3. Education on waste disposal
4. Placing control on the use of fossil fuels like coal, lignite and firewood.
5. Provision of chimney at the necessary places like industries and homes.
6. Air pollution should be monitored
7. Anti-pollution devices should be used in vehicles and factories.

Hint

(a) Name the types of power derived from each of the following sources:

(i) Water

(ii) Coal

(iii) Natural gas

(iv) The sun

1. Water is hydroelectric power
2. Coal is thermal energy
3. Natural gas is thermal energy
4. Sun is solar energy

(b) Write explanatory notes on the types of power obtained from water and sun under the following headings

Hydro-electric power

(i) Specific places of production

This is derived when water is dammed for specific purposes like Kainji dam in Nigeria, Akosombo in Ghana, Answan high dam in Egypt.

(ii) Method of production

1. Dam is constructed to increase water level so as to create a reservoir
2. The water is made to continuously flow from high point to provide swiftness
3. Water is then made to pass through penstocks in order to turn the turbines which are connected to the generator to produce power.

(iii) Uses

1. Industrial purposes e.g. manufacturing industries
2. For mineral smelting e.g. iron ore, bauxite e.t.c
3. Domestic purposes like cooking, lighting e.t.c

Solar power

(i) Specific area of production

Tropical and sub-tropical areas like Nigeria, Gambia, USA, Australia, Ghana e.t.c

(ii) Method of production

1. Use of solar receptors and panels
2. Curved and flat plates
3. High insulation all through the year
4. Solar cells/accumulator
5. Solar reflectors

(iii) Uses

1. Used for the production of electricity
2. Drying crops
3. Used to power calculators and watches
4. Cloth drying.