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WAEC: GEOGRAPHY

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2017 Geography WAEC Theory Past Questions CBT*

WAEC: GEOGRAPHY 2017 Geography WAEC Theory Past Questions CBT*

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(a) An Annotated Cross Profile along A-B

(b) Influence of relief on:

(i) Settlement of the area

– Built-up settlements are found at the foot of the hills in the south east

-Ebiya is located on a lowland between the hills

– Many isolated compounds in the south-western part of the map due to the undulating lowlands

–  The Northeastern part of the map is made up of rugged relief, hence few isolated compound are found there

– The prominent settlements in the mapped area are located on lying landscape e.g Eganyi, Iloshi and Adogo

 

(ii) Transportation network in the mapped area

– Roads avoid steep slopes in the entire map

– The main road is found in the northwestern part of the map where the relief gently rolling

– The secondary road avoids hills and ridge at the southern part of the map

– Only footpaths are found on the eastern part of the mapped area because of the rugged terrain

–  Roads avoid highlands and take advantage of lowlands in the mapped area

(c) The drainage pattern of the mapped area is dendritic. The rivers flows in a tree like form

(a) Calculation and construction of flow line chart

Scale = 1mm to represent 10,000 passengers in movement

Calculating the width of the lines

Maiduguri  = 20,000 / 10,000 = 2mm

Kano         = 30,000 / 10,000 = 3mm

Lagos         =  60,000 / 10,000 = 6mm

Port Harcourt = 40,000 / 10,000 = 4mm

 

A flow line chart showing movements of passengers from Abuja international Airport to other airports in Nigeria

(b) Advantages of flow line

– Easy to calculate flow widths with scale

– Easy to plot on maps

– It is attractive

– Very easy to understand

– It catches attention

– Easy to compare the volume of movements

3(a) Difference between erosion and mass movement

Erosion is caused by the agents of denudation such as running water, wind, waves and glacier while mass movement is caused by the earth’s gravitational force

 

(b) Agents responsible for modifying landforms

– Waves

– Wind

– Running water

-Glacier

(c) Factors that influence mass movement

– Rainfall

-Gravity

– Nature and weight of the rock materials

– Presence of vegetation

– Activities of man

– Nature of the slope or gradient of the slope

– Depth of weathered materials

(a) Characteristics of metamorphic rocks

– They may contain crystals

– They may occur in layers or strata

– They may be hard and resistant

-They may contain fossils

-They are changed rocks or formed from existing rocks

(b) Description of the modes of formation of metamorphic rocks

It is formed from the pre-existing rocks i.e. sedimentary or igneous rock. When these pre-existing rocks are exposed to great heat and pressure it metamorphoses to form metamorphic rock

(c) Economic benefits of rocks

– Source of water e.g. acquifer

– Source of food nutrient e.g. rock salts

– Source of materials for craft e.g. clay

– Source of employment e.g. quarrying

-Source of mineral e.g. iron ore

– Tourist centre e.g. Olumo rock

(a) Description of the characteristics of the various stages of a river course

Characteristics of Upper Course of a river

– It marks the beginning or source of a river

– It has steep slopes

– It occurs in Highland areas

– Dominant work is vertical erosion

-There is formation of feature like gorge, waterfall, river capture etc

 

Characteristics of Middle Course of a river

– Lateral erosion is dominant

– Valleys are widened

– There is increased load of a river

– Dominant work is transportation of materials or sediments

– There is formation of features like braided meanders, river cliffs etc

 

 

Characteristics of Lower Course of a river

-Main work is deposition of materials or sediments

-There is increased volume of rivers from addition by tributaries

-The gradient is gentle and the speed of the river is very low

-There is formation of features like Delta, Flood plains, Ox-bow lake

(b) Ways in which rivers are beneficial

-For tourism

-Irrigation

-Sources of minerals

-Sources of food

-Hydroelectric power generation

-Employment opportunities

-Transportation

(a) Outline of the Earth

(b) Characteristics of lines of longitude

– They are used in calculating local time

– It is measured in degrees East or West

– They converge at the poles

– All are called meridians

– They are great circles

– They run from North to South

(c)  Calculation of time

Note: West comes before the East when placing the line of longitude

Note :  For calculation of the longitude difference

West and East = Add

= 130  + 70

= 200

                   For time difference:  150 = 1 hour  and 10 = 4mins

=   200 / 150

                                                          = 1 hour 20mins  or 1 ½ hour

Since Mambola Sierra leone is west of Onitsha Nigeria, the time will be behind so we subtract the time difference from the Onitsha to determine time at Mambola

= 5.45pm – 1hour 20mins

= 4.25pm on Saturday

 

7(a) Sources of water pollution

– Oil spillage

– Herbicides and pesticides

–  Mining

–  Animal dung in rivers

– Discharge from ships

– Erosion materials

– Use of chemical fertlizers

– Fishing with chemicals

 

(b) Measures that can be taken to control water pollution

– Good drainage

– Controlled use of herbicides and pesticides

– Control air pollution

– Control floods

– Erosion control measures

–  Use of good fishing materials

– Good management of sewage

(a) How latitude affect the temperature of a place

Due to the earth’s inclination, the midday sun is almost overhead within the tropics but the sun’s rays reach the earth at an angle outside the tropics. Temperature thus diminishes from equatorial regions to the poles. This is illustrated in the diagram below. It shows two bands of rays coming from the sun to different latitudes on the equatorial latitudes on surface E. Band R2 falls obliquely over the temperature latitudes on surface T. R1 travels through a shorter distance and its concentrated solar insolation heats up a smaller surface area; temperature is thus high. On the other hand, R2 travels through a longer distance and much of its heat is absorbed by clouds, water vapour and dust particles. Its oblique ray has to heat up a large area; temperature is therefore low.

The diagram above shows the effect of latitude on solar insolation. This shows why temperature are lower in higher altitudes than in the tropics.

 

(b) How slope affect the temperature of a place

A steep slope experiences a more rapid change in temperature than a gentlr one. Mountain ranges that have an east-west alignment like the Alps shows a higher temperature on the south-facing sunny slope than the north-facing sheltered slope. The greater insolation of the southern slope is better suited for vine cultivation and has a more flourishing vegetative cover. In hilly areas a hot day followed by a calm, cloudless night during which the air cools more rapidly over the higher ground may induce cold, heavy air to flow down the slope and accumulate at the valley bottom, pushing the warmer air upwards. The temperature may then be lower in the valley than higher up the slopes

Diagram of how slope and aspect affects the temperature

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1(a) Ways in which the following factors have affected world population

Advanced technology

-Increasing agricultural research

-Proper waste disposal

– Leads to environmental pollution

-Improved storage facilities

-Improved standard of living

– Provision of social amenities

 

       Improved medical care

– Improved sanitation

– Increased population through increase in births over deaths

-Availability of qualified medical personnel

-Extended lifespan of people

-Adoption of family planning techniques

– Reduction in infant mortality

 

(b) Factors that account for the high density of population in Java (Indonesia)

– Favourable climate

– Favourable relief

– Intensive agriculture

– Political stability

– Immigration

–  Improved medical care

– Fertile alluvial soil

(a) Functions of the following settlements

Urban

– Commercial function

– Industrial function

– Tourism

– Educational function

– Administrative function

– Ports centres

 

Rural

-Residential function

-Agricultural function

-Mining function

-Provision of raw materials

-Lumbering

-Hunting

 

(b) Areas of interdependence between rural and urban centres.

Urban centres depends on rural centres for :

–   Housing

–   Unskilled labour

– Food supply

– Raw materials for industries

–  Medical herbs

 

Rural centres depends on urban centres for:

– Social amenities

-Employment

– Processed goods

-Ideas and innovation

– Higher education

 

(a) Reasons why the production of consumer goods is common in developing countries

—   Availability of unskilled labour

–  Low level of technology

–  It requires limited power supply

–  Inadequate capital

–   High demand for consumer goods

– Inadequate skilled labour

–  Availability of good transport network

 

(b) Factors which influence industrial location

–  Proximity to the source of raw materials

–  Availability of water

–   Availability of labour

–  Political stability

–  Proximity to market

– Availability of good transport network

–  Government policies

–  Availability of capital

(a)  Map of Nigeria

(b) Factors that encourages tourism in Nigeria

–   Presence of natural reserves

–   Hotels of international standard

–   Favourable government policies

–  Need to earn foreign exchange

–  Availability of wildlife

–  Availability of capital

– Favourable climate

 

(c)   Problems hindering tourism in Nigeria

–    Low patronage

–   Poor transport network

–  Inadequate capital

–  Poor quality of service

–  Easy spread of disease

–  Deforestation and bush burning

–  Low income level

– Competition from sister countries

 

 

(a)  Map of Nigeria showing transport network

(b) Contribution of transportation to the economic development of Nigeria

–   Movement of goods and people

–   Creation of job opportunities

–   Promotion of tourism

–   Access to natural resources

–  Promote internal and international trade

–   Promotes national integration

– Infrastructural development

–  Revenue generation

 

(c)  Problems limiting rail transportation in Nigeria

–  High cost of construction

–  High cost of maintenance

–  Slow speed

–   Poor management

–   Inadequate skilled technicians

–   Inadequate capital

–  Low level of technology

–  Scarcity of spare parts

A Geography account of the Cross River plains under the following headings:

  • Climate

-Rainfall is heavy

-Its found in the sub-equatorial region

-The rainfall found is double maxima

– High relative humidity

 

  • Economic activities

These are farming, fishing, mining, local craft, trading, industrial activities, lumbering etc

 

  • Problems of development

-Inadequate infrastructure

-Soil erosion and flooding

– Mismanagement

– Poor transport network

-Environmental degradation

-Pollution

– Health problems/diseases

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