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2019 Geography WAEC Theory Past Questions CBT*

WAEC: GEOGRAPHY 2019 Geography WAEC Theory Past Questions CBT*

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(a) An annotated cross profile from A to B

(b) (i) Relief characteristics of the mapped area

  1. The area is generally lowland
  2. Valleys are wide except those at the ridge
  3. The south-eastern half is generally less than 200ft
  4. Knolls are found in the central part of the mapped area
  5. There are cols and saddles on the map
  6. The ridge has steep slopes

 

(ii) Drainage characteristics of the mapped area

  1. Most of the streams flow southwards
  2. The ridge serves as watershed
  3. The drainage pattern is dendritic
  4. The rivers flow through wide valleys
  5. Drainage density is high
  6. The lower banks of River Dawhe is liable to flooding
  7. Presence of artificial lakes

(c)  Functions of Doryum settlement

  1. Commercial function due to the presence of a market
  2. Educational function due to the presence of schools
  3. Security function due to the presence of police station
  4. Religious function due to the presence of a church
  5. Transportation function due to the convergence of roads

(a) Construction of proportional circles

Calculation of radii of circles using square method

 

Village A:  = 9

using the scale of 1cm to represent 3 farm units

= 9/3

= 3cm

 

Village B:  = 10

using the scale of 1cm to represent 3 farm units

= 10/3

= 3.3cm

 

Village A:  = 8

using the scale of 1cm to represent 3 farm units

= 8/3

= 2.7cm

Title: A proportionate circles representing farm units in three villages of Oju district in 2010

(b)  Disadvantages of proportionate cricles

a.It is time consuming

  1. It is difficult to use when groups are many
  2. It is difficult to choose a suitable scale
  3. Decimal figures in the data are difficult to work with
  4. The circles do not show spread of items within specific regions
  5. It is difficult to work out the mathematical calculations involved

Chemically formed sedimentary rocks

Description of Chemically formed sedimentary rocks

(a) Mode of formation:   The main minerals for the formation may be from winds, glaciers or streams. This type of sedimentary rock is derived from the accumulation of materials derived from other rocks over a long period of time. These materials are formed through chemical precipitation from other rock solutions. Overtime, these precipitated rocks are accumulated and cemented in layers or strata and become hardened to form chemically formed sedimentary rocks. These strata varies in thickness.

 

(b) Examples: These are; Sodium Chloride (common salt), nitrates, gypsum or calcium sulphate, potash etc.

 

(c) Importance: i. source of minerals e.g Gypsum, Potash, Nitrates etc

  1. Formation of fertile soil e.g potash, nitrates

iii. raw materials for industries e.g Gypsum

(a) Lake is a body of water, accumulated in a depression or basins and surrounded by land

(b) Formation of lakes by wind erosion

This occurs mainly in the desert regions where rocks deeply weathered and loosed non-consolidated soils run deep below surface. In desert, there is no wind breaks and the wind speed is high with erosive power. Wind deflation sets in and continue to deflate the surface until its turns to hollow. When deflation ceases, the water table is reached and water seeps out to form a lake.

(c) Benefits of lakes to man

Sources of fish

Sources of domestic water supply

For employment

For irrigation

Water for industrial purposes

Reserves water for HEP generation

(a) (i) Characteristics of Time zone

  1. It refers to a region where the same standard time is used
  2. It spans 150 of longitude
  3. There are 24 time zones in all
  4. Each has its own standard time
  5. Time difference between two adjacent zones is 1 hour
  6. Time zones east of GMT are ahead of time
  7. Line are not so straight

(ii) Characteristics of International Date Line

  1. It is an 1800 meridian
  2. Its an imaginary line
  3. Its located half way round the world from the Prime meridian
  4. A day is lost when it is crossed to the west
  5. It joins the Prime meridian to form a Great circle
  6. A day is gained when it is crossed to the east

(b) Calculation of Longitude of Town B

Since the time at Town B is ahead of A, so the Town will be placed ahead of Town A

Time difference = 6pm – 9am

= (18.00 – 9.00)

=   9 hours

 

Longitude difference = 9  150

= 1350

 

Since Town B is ahead of Town A, Longitude of Town  B will definitely be in the East

= 1350 – 300

= 1050

= 1050E

(a) Mode of formation of stacks

It is formed near a coast by wave erosion. The presence of wave erosion attacks headland at both sides and cracks or line of weakness develop on both sides of the headland. The cracks widen by hydraulic action or waves abrasion. The caves are formed from the cracks on both side of headland, and further erosion causes adjacent caves to join which lead to formation of arch. When the arch collapses, a stack is formed. Continuous erosion of the stack leads to slump

Diagram of a stack

(b) Mode of formation of fold mountain

This is formed from large scale earth movement i.e. horizontal movement of crustal block formed by compressional forces within the earth crust. The forces cause stress within the crust and lead to presence of large depression called geosynclines. The materials eroded from the continental blocks are deposited in the depressions or geosyncline. Further subsidence of the depressions causes adjacent continental blocks or tectonic plates to move towards each other. A compression of the sediments leads to the warping (up folding and down folding) of deposits. Up folds is called anticline while down fold is called syncline e.g Mountain Alps and Atlas

Diagram of a fold mountain

 

(a) Description of rain guage

It is a cylindrical guage and the unit of measurement is mm or inches. It consists of a funnel which is either 13cm or 20cm in diameter. The stem of the funnel is long and leads to a glass bottle. The hole in the funnel is very small. The glass bottle is placed inside a copper cylinder which is fixed to the ground.

(b) Precautions which must be taken when using rain guage

It must be erected high above the ground

It must be fitted about 30cm above the ground

It must be sited in an open space

It must be fitted firmly to the ground

Reading must be taken daily at a fixed time

Records must be updated daily immediately after reading

The funnel must be tightly fitted to the copper cylinder

Diagram of a Rain gauge

(c) Explanation on how the instrument is used to obtain total annual rainfall

Funnel is remove every day and any water in the glass bottle is poured into a calibrated measuring cylinder. The reading taken at eye level is taken to an accuracy level of 0.25mm or 0.01 inches. The components are fixed back immediately after reading is recorded. The readings added up for each month up to the 12th month of the year to give annual rainfall.

 

 

(a) Food chain refers to the process of energy transfer from green plants to herbivores, carnivores and to decomposers within an ecosystem.

(b) Description of energy flow within a terrestrial ecosystem

Sun provides the energy and the green plants traps solar energy via chlorophyII during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants during carbon-dioxide, water, and mineral salts are consumed by green plants while the green plants are consumed by the herbivores e.g locust and grasshopper. The herbivores are consumed by the carnivore i.e the tertiary consumers e.g man and lion. After the death of the tertiary consumer (carnivores), the decomposer e.g bacteria and fungi consumed the dead bodies until it is return the energy as heat back into the ecosystem

(c) Ways by which the nitrogen cycle is maintained in the terrestrial ecosystem

78 percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen. Bacteria in nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen. This fixation is lightening through the denitrifying bacteria. Plants concert nitrites and nitrates to organic proteinous tissue, which are built from consumption of leguminous plants. Plants and animals’ decomposers return nitrogen back into the atmosphere. Nitrate fertilizer is manufactured from atmospheric nitrogen

(a)Factors which an industrialist will consider when locating a fruit canning industry

  1. Avaialbility of raw materials
  2. Availability of labour
  3. Government policy
  4. Political stability
  5. Availability of transport network
  6. Access to capital
  7. Regular power supply

(b)Benefits derived from the concentration of manufacturing industries in urban centres

  1. Employment opportunities
  2. Provides social amenities
  3. Development of skilled manpower
  4. Increased standard of living
  5. Encourages mobility of labour
  6. Growth of urban centres

(a) Calculation of the population distribution

Total population = Add all the population for all the states

= 3.2 + 5.4 + 7.4 + 6.5 + 4.2

= 26.7m or 26,700,000 people

 

Total land area = Add the land areas covered by all the states

= 140,000 + 98,000 + 35,000 + 120,000 + 86,000

= 479,000km2

 

Population density = Total population / Land area

= 26,700,000 persons / 479,000km2

= 55.74 persons per km2

                                                                    = 56 persons per km2

 

(b) Factors that influence the distribution of world human population

-Relief

– Climate

–  Agriculture and soil

-Job opportunities

–Presence of social amenities

-Government policy

–  Diseases

– Environmental hazards

 

(c)Factors that cause increase in world human population

– Improved medical facilities

–  Adequate food supply

– Improved standard of living

– Illiteracy and lack of family planning

— Government policy

-Early marriage

– Improved science and technology

A geographical account of road transportation under the following

(a)Advantages

  • Ease of operation
  • Employment opportunities
  •  Ease of acquisition
  •   Opens up the interior more that other modes
  •   Universal mode of transport
  •   Offers door to door services

 

(b)Disadvantages

  •     More prone to accidents
  •    Limited carrying capacity
  •   Roads are easily washed by erosion
  •    Contributes to environmental pollution

 

(c) Contributions to development

  • Employment opportunities
  • Facilitates national trade
  • Revenue generation
  • Diffusion of ideas and technology
  • Improved standard of living
  • Increase in Gross National Product
  • Facilitates movement of people

(a) Map of Nigeria

(b) Physical conditions necessary for the cultivation of groundnut

  •      Loose sandy or loamy soil for planting
  •      Requires abundant sunshine
  •      Long dry season for ripening and harvesting
  •       Long dry season for drying and storing
  •      Well drained soils
  •      Moderate rainfall

 

(c) ways in which groundnut cultivation has contributed to the economy of Nigeria

  •       Employment opportunities
  •       Source of income to farmers
  •       Source of foreign exchange
  •       Raw materials for industries
  •      Diversification of economy
  •      Development of research institutes

(a)  Map of Nigeria

(b) Factors that retard tourism development in Nigeria

  •     Inadequate funding
  •       Inadequate skilled labour
  •      Poor domestic patronage
  •      Poor road network
  •      Easy spread of diseases
  •       Political instability
  •       Poor marketing strategies
  •       Poor management

(c) Suggested ways by which tourism can be promoted in Nigeria

  1. Training and re –training of manpower
  2. Provisions of loans at low interest rates to investors
  3. Good maintenance culture
  4. Provision of improved social amenities
  5. Enforcement of environmental laws
  6. Tourism promotion by wide publicity
  7. Developing and upgrading of tourism sites

A geographical account of mining in Nigeria under the following

(a) Mineral deposits

These are Coal, petroleum, natural gas, limestone, gold, iron ore, tin, columbite etc

 

(b)Mining towns for the minerals

Coal (Enugu), Petroleum (Portharcourt, warri, Oloibiri), Natural gas (Warri, Afam), Limestone (Ewekoro, Nkalagu), Gold (Ilesha, Sokoto), Iron ore (Itakpe, Ajaokuta), Tin and columbite ( Jos)

 

(c)Negative effects of minig on the environment of mining areas

  •    Environmental pollution
  •    Loss of soil fertility
  •   Loss of plants and animals
  •   Health hazards
  •   Displacement of settlements
  •    Climate change
  •   Destruction of ecosystem
  •    Communal conflicts

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