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  1. 2023 Government WAEC (WASSCE) Past Questions
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WAEC: GOVERNMENT 2023 Government WAEC (WASSCE) Past Questions 2023 Government WAEC (WASSCE) Theory Past Questions (Paper 2)
Lesson 1, Topic 1
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2023 Government WAEC (WASSCE) Theory Past Questions (Paper 2)

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Content:

  • 2023 Government WAEC (WASSCE) Theory Past Questions (Paper 2)
  • SECTION A (1 – 5) – This shall contain five (5) questions, out of which candidates shall be required to attempt any two (2) only.
  • SECTION B (6 – 10) – This shall contain sets of five (5) questions each and each candidate is to answer two (2) questions.
  • Duration – 2½ hours

SECTION A (1 – 5)

ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT

POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Answer any two (2)

Question 1:

Identify five functions of government as an Agent of the State.

View Answer

Question 2:

Explain five factors that hamper the effective operation of the justice delivery system.

View Answer

Question 3:

Highlight Five factors that have contributed to the weakened government institutions in many West African States.

View Answer

Question 4:

In what five ways does political socialization assist in the democratic process of a state?

View Answer

Question 5:

Outline five reasons for which it is important for a state to have efficient local government system.

View Answer

SECTION B (6 – 10)

Answer any two (2)

Question 6:

Explain five reasons for which the study of nationalism and nationalist activities is important to the democratic development of a state.

View Answer

Question 7:

a. What is political leadership?

b. Identify four qualities of a good leader.

View Answer

Question 8:

In what five ways is diplomacy important to the development of Nigeria?

View Answer

Question 9:

Outline five positive political impacts colonial administrations had on West African States leading to statehood.

View Answer

Question 10:

Identify five mistakes committed in democratic governance that give cause for the military to intervene in politics.

View Answer

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Question 1

Identify five functions of government as an Agent of the State.

Answer:

Government as an agent of a state performs the following functions:

i. Lawmaking: The government through its organ, the legislature makes laws which the people in the state must obey to maintain law and order.

ii. Implementation of law: The government executes the law. The executive arm of government sets up agencies through which it maintains orderliness. It is the responsibility of the executive to implement the law.

iii. Interpretation of law: The government through the judicial arm of the government interpret the law. Where there is any ambiguity, it is the function of the judiciary to assert meaning to the law. The Supreme Court gives final interpretation to constitutional matters.

iv. Settlement of dispute: The government through the judiciary (courts) settle cases between individuals, and firms or companies, between individuals and government institutions or among government.

v. Punishment of law offenders: The government punishes law offenders through the judiciary.

vi. Safety and security: The government provides safety and security for the people in a state. It is also its responsibility to ensure that their lives and properties are secured.

vii. Provision of social amenities: It is also the function of government to provide social amenities and basic utilities for people in the state such as good roads, pipe-borne water, electricity etc.

viii. Provision of infrastructure: The government provides infrastructure for people in a state such as roads, schools, bridges, stadiums, health centres, hospitals etc.

ix. Creation of jobs and employment: The function of government includes the provision of gainful employment for people in the state. It also provides an enabling environment for private individuals to create jobs.

x. Generation of revenue: It generates revenue and spends it for public good.

xi. Maintenance of friendship with other states: The government relate with the government of other countries to maintain friendship.

xii. Improvement of the standard of living: Government improves the standard of living of its citizenry

xiii. Provision of the welfare of its people: It also promotes the social welfare of people in the state

xiv. Economic function: The government develops the economy. It creates an enabling environment, regulates activities and formulates policies that will stimulate rapid economic development.

Award of marks: any 5 points × 3 marks. Total 15 marks.

Question 2

Explain five factors that hamper the effective operation of the justice delivery system.

Answer:

Many factors hamper the effectiveness of the judiciary in a democratic state. Among them are:

i. Inadequate funding: The judiciary is poorly funded. They do not have enough funds to provide the necessary materials they need to function effectively.

ii. Existence of special tribunals: At times, the government set up special tribunals for specific purposes. These tribunals erode judicial independence (powers of the judiciary).

iii. Poor remuneration and poor condition of service for judges and judicial officers: The salaries and wages, of judges and judicial officers are poor. Even their condition of service is also poor. This is a jeopardy to judicial independence as they may be induced or swayed by corrupt people in their judgment.

iv. The executive and legislature in modern-day democracy exert overbearing influence on the judiciary.

v. Corrupt judiciary: Some judges may be corrupt this may affect their effectiveness.

vi. Some executives may refuse to obey the judgment of the court. They may disregard the judgments of the court.

vii. Insufficient number of courts and insufficient personnel also affect its effectiveness.

viii. Favouritism and nepotism may affect effective justice delivery in a democratic state. Some “socialites” may negatively affect judicial independence.

ix. Increase in insecurity: Fear of their lives may jeopardize judicial independence.

Award of marks: Any 5 points × 3 marks = Total – 15 marks

Question 3

Highlight Five factors that have contributed to the weakened government institutions in many West African States.

Answer:

A number of factors contributed to weakened government institutions in many West African states among them are:

i. No respect for the rule of law and constitutionalism: Government institutions and political leaders disrespect rules and fail to adhere strictly to the provisions of the constitution.

ii. Bad Leadership: Poor leadership among the leaders of West African states is another problem. Some leaders are not knowledgeable, focused and courageous. They easily follow the dictates of the superpowers and developed countries.

iii. Poor government: The political leaders do not provide basic utilities, or social amenities to the people. The government funds are diverted for private use or misappropriated.

iv. Bribery and Corruption: Bribery, and corruption is a cankerworm that has eaten deep into governmental institutions. Resources that are meant for the public good are embezzled.

v. Ethnic rivalry and tribalism: Have also contributed to the weakened government institution. There is tension and unhealthy rivalry in the recruitment of political leaders and other government appointments.

vi. Religious intolerance: Religious intolerance in West African states is another problem that contributes to weakened government institutions. Appointments are made based on religious and ethnic considerations and not on merit (best qualified).

vii. Increasing power of the executive: In recent times the executive arm of the government has assumed enormous power. At times it refuses to obey some judgments of the court. It atimes starves the other government institutions of funds.

viii. Terrorism, arms control and non-proliferation of five arms have also weakened government institutions in West Africa. It is as if the government has lost control of security and safety in West Africa.

ix. Revenue allocation formula that is acceptable to all the states in the country is another factor.

 

Award of marks: Any 5 points × 3 marks = Total – 15 marks

Question 4

In what five ways does political socialization assist in the democratic process of a state?

Answer:

Political socialization is the process of inculcating political norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes as well as citizenship training which shapes a child’s political behaviour and helps the individuals adapt within the political system. This is a lifelong process. Political socialization helps in the democratic process of a state in the following ways.

i. Inculcation of political values, norms, attitudes and citizenship training, political values, norms, attitudes and citizenship training. Political values and duties of citizens that sustains democracy is passed from generation to generation through political socialization.

ii. Political socialization inculcates in the people political enlightenment e.g. to follow rules and internal discipline. It inculcates in the citizenry the act of respect for the rule of law and constitutionalism and other political issues on both the rulers and the people.

iii. Through political socialization, the citizens participate in public decision making which sustains the democratic process. They learn to join political parties, contest political posts, vote in elections, criticize government activities and policies etc.

iv. Checks and balances: The citizens will check the excesses of government, and criticize government policies and programmes which keep the government in check. These sustain the democratic process.

v. Patriotic values: Political socialization imbibes patriotism, loyalty and a nationalistic spirit in the citizens.

vi. Through political socialization awareness is created on political institutions and processes.

vii. It enhances critical thinking and assessment.

viii. It helps in the formation of public opinion on public issues.

 

Award of marks: Any 5 points × 3 marks = Total – 15 marks

Question 5

Outline five reasons for which it is important for a state to have efficient local government system.

Answer:

Local government system needs to be efficient for the following reasons:

i. As the third tier of government local government needs to be efficient as it is the tier of government closer or nearer to the people. It helps other levels of government administer the states in their local areas.

ii. It bridges the gap between the people and other levels of government

iii. It will educate people in their locality on policies and programmes of state and central government

iv. It will assist the other tiers of government in providing social amenities to the people.

v. It needs to effectively maintain law and order in its locality.

vi. It needs to facilitate rapid development of the local areas by effectively mobilizing human and material resources for developmental projects.

vii. Local government system provides an effective training ground for political leaders through grassroots politics.

viii. It makes bye-laws for order and good governance in the local area.

ix. It creates job opportunities and establishes business ventures where people of that locality can be employed.

x.  Local government system generates revenue for local development.

xi. It assists in national integration

 

Award of marks: Any 5 points × 3 marks = Total – 15 marks

Question 6

Explain five reasons for which the study of nationalism and nationalist activities is important to the democratic development of a state.

Answer:

Nationalism and nationalistic activities study is important to the democratic development of a state for the following reasons:

i. The study of nationalism and nationalist activities inculcate in the citizens’ spirit of patriotism and national consciousness.

ii. It enables the citizens to know and identify nationalist leaders and their contributions to national development.

iii. It helps us to understand the factors that contributed to the nationalist struggle.

iv. It helps us to know early political parties (pre-independence political parties), their roles and contributions to political development in the state.

v. It allows us to appreciate the efforts and roles of the nationalists.

vi. It helps us to know what nationalism meant to the early nationalists and its impact on the present generation. It helps us to contribute our own quota to our country’s national development.

vii. The study enables us to pursue national unity and consciousness

 

Award of marks: Any 5 points × 3 marks = Total – 15 marks

Question 7

a. What is political leadership?

Answer:

Political leadership is the ability to guide and control the activities of others to attain stated goals. It is the capability to direct, guide and control the decisions and actions of others towards the achievement of set goals in a state.

 

b. Identify four qualities of a good leader.

Answer:

i. A good leader must possess the following qualities.

ii. A good leader must be knowledgeable in a wide scope of areas.

iii. He/she must be visionary and focused. He/she must have foresight, new ideas, new plans, and be proactive.

iv. He must be innovative and ready to adapt to changing social and economic situations.

v. He/she must have good communication skills. He/she must be articulate, and have the ability to express his/her intentions with precision in clear unambiguous language to his/her followers.

vi. A good leader must be disciplined, and have integrity.

vii. A good leader must lead by example. He/she must show a good example to his/her followers.

viii. He/she must have a good sense of judgment. He/she should be able to know what is wrong and what is right.

ix. A good leader must be firm, and tactful in making decisions and also be diplomatic in handling dicey issues.

x. He must learn to delegate powers to his subordinates but must have effective control of such delegated power.

Question 8

In what five ways is diplomacy important to the development of Nigeria?

Answer:

Diplomacy is very important to the development of Nigeria in the following ways:

i. Promotion of friendship among states: International relationship cordial ties can be promoted through diplomacy.

ii. Promotion of trade and economic co-operation: Diplomacy can promote trade, eliminate trade barriers and stimulate foreign investments. All these will stimulate economic growth and development.

iii. It will secure and maintain Nigeria’s sovereignty. It will encourage the establishment of respectful relationships with other states and uphold the non-interference principle.

iv. It will help Nigeria to peacefully resolve conflicts with other states through dialogues, negotiations and other peaceful methods.

v. Diplomacy enables a country to promote her national interest as the state relates with other countries.

vi. Diplomacy assists Nigeria in fighting insecurity, terrorism, smuggling and other security issues through the sharing of information, peacekeeping, security personnel training and provision of ammunition, and other gadgets.

vii. Diplomacy assists Nigeria in attracting assistance in healthcare, education and other areas.

viii. Diplomacy facilities implementation of international law.

ix. It promotes the gathering and sharing of information and issues relating to environmental issues and climate change.

x. It protects the interest of Nigerian citizens abroad.

Question 9

Outline five positive political impacts colonial administrations had on West African States leading to statehood.

Answer:

i. One of the political impacts colonial administrations had on West African States was the introduction of the elective principle. It gave the people power to elect their political leaders.

ii. Colonial administration also led to the formation of political parties. These political parties competed for the seats or political posts during the colonial period.

iii. Colonial administration created legislative council: It created the legislative council house of representatives, senate, regional council (assembly and house of chiefs). The expansion of the legislative bodies strengthened the legislative institutions.

iv. It created the executive council and developed the executive institutions: At the regional level, the premier and lieutenant governor, the governor and governor-general, they exercised executive powers.

v. Development of the press, especially newspapers: The colonial administration used the mass media to disseminate information to the people for political enlightenment and mobilization.

vi. It created and developed judicial institutions for the administration of justice. Even the British legal code was also embedded and transfused into Nigeria’s legal system.

vii. With the establishment of white-collar jobs pressure groups were formed to further the interest of workers and agitated for better working conditions for the workers.

viii. With colonization West Africa was partitioned into modern states. The citizens of these states identified themselves with these states. It ignited the feeling of national identity.

ix. Colonial administration in the north ruled the people through the native authority. This developed and strengthened the government at the grassroots, the local government authority.

Question 10

Identify five mistakes committed in democratic governance that give cause for the military to intervene in politics.

Answer:

Some of the mistakes committed in democratic governance that may cause military intervention in politics include

i. Corruption and bribery in government: If there is a high level of bribery and corruption in government the military may intervene.

ii. Weak and ineffective leadership is another cause. If the leadership is not purposeful and lacks focus, it is another cause for military intervention

iii. Election manipulations such as double voting, vote buying, violence, and thuggery, characterizing elections in a state, can cause military intervention in politics.

iv. Mismanagement of the economy is another cause if the economy is poorly managed which may cause high cause of basic goods and services and high inflation there may be military intervention.

v. No respect for the rule of law and abuse of power are also reasons for military intervention. If the leaders act arbitrarily with no regard to the provisions of the law

vi. Embezzlement of public funds by political leaders and officers in government is another reason for military intervention.

vii. Violation of fundamental human rights and violation of freedom of the press are causes of military in politics.

viii. If the government fails to fulfil its election promises, this can cause military intervention.

ix. If the government neglects and tries to suppress the opinion and criticisms of the opposition, the military may intervene.

x. Nepotism, favouritism and tribalism by the government may be another reason. If government appointments tilt to only people of one tribe or group with the exclusion of others can cause military intervention.

xi. If the government is unable to maintain law and order in all parts of the country, the military may intervene.

xii. Poor remuneration and condition of service for the military can also cause military intervention.

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