2012 JAMB English Language Past Questions

Religion in its various forms is very strong in Nigeria. In other words, Nigerian people are very religious. Most of them believe that there is an unseen supernatural world, apart from the natural world we see around us. This other world is inhabited by beings who are the source of our knowledge of good and evil. They watch and judge us, and if we offend them they may have to be appeased with prayers and sacrifices. Certain individuals in the natural world -priests, prophets and diviners – are believed to be endowed with special powers to make contact with the other world. These individuals lay down ceremonies or rituals which must be observed if due honour is to be paid to the unseen beings. The religious beliefs and practices of Nigerians can be classified under three main headings: Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity. In this passage, our focus is on traditional religion.

Traditional or indigenous religion continues to exert a strong influence on many people’s minds partly because of its association with their birthplaces and families. Each ethnic group has its own religious traditions, and these are often linked to some sacred spots in the ethnic homeland. Yet the various traditional religions have much in common: a remote but benevolent high god; under him, a number of lesser gods who interact with mankind; and below them various spirits who inhabit natural objects (trees, streams, rocks, etc.); below them again, and closest to living men and women, the spirits of the ancestors.

In the Yoruba tradition, for example, there are more than 400 lesser deities presided over by the high god, Olorun. Because he is remote from mankind, shrines are not built to him and worship is not offered to him directly. The lesser gods, on the other hand, are the subject of special cults, each with its own priests and devotees. Eshu, the messenger of the gods, ifa the god of divination; Shango, the god of thunder, and so on. Traditional religion was also strong in other parts of Nigeria. In Igbo Traditional religion, there were fewer gods. Although there was a remote high god, the most important figure was Ala or Ani, the goddess of the earth. In Hausaland, traditional religion has largely gone underground owing to the influence of Islam, but belief in the existence of ‘Bori’ spirits and their power to possess people, especially women, is strong in some areas. Each spirit is associated with a certain type of behaviour, which is manifested by the possessed individual.

Divination – the discovery of what is unknown or is yet to happen by supernatural or magical means – is an important ‘element of traditional religion. It is often one of the functions of ‘medicine-men’ or herbalists. In Igboland, there also used to be several oracles which people consulted in order to seek solutions to their problems. With the coming of Christianity, their influence has however waned, but in areas like Arochukwu and Okija, the influence of such oracles is still strongly felt. Adapted from Grant, Nnamonu and Jowitt (1997), Senior English Project: For Senior Secondary Schools Students.

 From the passage, one can say that all the ethnic groups have

Religion in its various forms is very strong in Nigeria. In other words, Nigerian people are very religious. Most of them believe that there is an unseen supernatural world, apart from the natural world we see around us. This other world is inhabited by beings who are the source of our knowledge of good and evil. They watch and judge us, and if we offend them they may have to be appeased with prayers and sacrifices. Certain individuals in the natural world -priests, prophets and diviners – are believed to be endowed with special powers to make contact with the other world. These individuals lay down ceremonies or rituals which must be observed if due honour is to be paid to the unseen beings. The religious beliefs and practices of Nigerians can be classified under three main headings: Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity. In this passage, our focus is on traditional religion.

Traditional or indigenous religion continues to exert a strong influence on many people’s minds partly because of its association with their birthplaces and families. Each ethnic group has its own religious traditions, and these are often linked to some sacred spots in the ethnic homeland. Yet the various traditional religions have much in common: a remote but benevolent high god; under him, a number of lesser gods who interact with mankind; and below them various spirits who inhabit natural objects (trees, streams, rocks, etc.); below them again, and closest to living men and women, the spirits of the ancestors.

In the Yoruba tradition, for example, there are more than 400 lesser deities presided over by the high god, Olorun. Because he is remote from mankind, shrines are not built to him and worship is not offered to him directly. The lesser gods, on the other hand, are the subject of special cults, each with its own priests and devotees. Eshu, the messenger of the gods, ifa the god of divination; Shango, the god of thunder, and so on. Traditional religion was also strong in other parts of Nigeria. In Igbo Traditional religion, there were fewer gods. Although there was a remote high god, the most important figure was Ala or Ani, the goddess of the earth. In Hausaland, traditional religion has largely gone underground owing to the influence of Islam, but belief in the existence of ‘Bori’ spirits and their power to possess people, especially women, is strong in some areas. Each spirit is associated with a certain type of behaviour, which is manifested by the possessed individual.

Divination – the discovery of what is unknown or is yet to happen by supernatural or magical means – is an important ‘element of traditional religion. It is often one of the functions of ‘medicine-men’ or herbalists. In Igboland, there also used to be several oracles which people consulted in order to seek solutions to their problems. With the coming of Christianity, their influence has however waned, but in areas like Arochukwu and Okija, the influence of such oracles is still strongly felt. Adapted from Grant, Nnamonu and Jowitt (1997), Senior English Project: For Senior Secondary Schools Students.

According to the first paragraph, Nigerians believe that the

Religion in its various forms is very strong in Nigeria. In other words, Nigerian people are very religious. Most of them believe that there is an unseen supernatural world, apart from the natural world we see around us. This other world is inhabited by beings who are the source of our knowledge of good and evil. They watch and judge us, and if we offend them they may have to be appeased with prayers and sacrifices. Certain individuals in the natural world -priests, prophets and diviners – are believed to be endowed with special powers to make contact with the other world. These individuals lay down ceremonies or rituals which must be observed if due honour is to be paid to the unseen beings. The religious beliefs and practices of Nigerians can be classified under three main headings: Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity. In this passage, our focus is on traditional religion.

Traditional or indigenous religion continues to exert a strong influence on many people’s minds partly because of its association with their birthplaces and families. Each ethnic group has its own religious traditions, and these are often linked to some sacred spots in the ethnic homeland. Yet the various traditional religions have much in common: a remote but benevolent high god; under him, a number of lesser gods who interact with mankind; and below them various spirits who inhabit natural objects (trees, streams, rocks, etc.); below them again, and closest to living men and women, the spirits of the ancestors.

In the Yoruba tradition, for example, there are more than 400 lesser deities presided over by the high god, Olorun. Because he is remote from mankind, shrines are not built to him and worship is not offered to him directly. The lesser gods, on the other hand, are the subject of special cults, each with its own priests and devotees. Eshu, the messenger of the gods, ifa the god of divination; Shango, the god of thunder, and so on. Traditional religion was also strong in other parts of Nigeria. In Igbo Traditional religion, there were fewer gods. Although there was a remote high god, the most important figure was Ala or Ani, the goddess of the earth. In Hausaland, traditional religion has largely gone underground owing to the influence of Islam, but belief in the existence of ‘Bori’ spirits and their power to possess people, especially women, is strong in some areas. Each spirit is associated with a certain type of behaviour, which is manifested by the possessed individual.

Divination – the discovery of what is unknown or is yet to happen by supernatural or magical means – is an important ‘element of traditional religion. It is often one of the functions of ‘medicine-men’ or herbalists. In Igboland, there also used to be several oracles which people consulted in order to seek solutions to their problems. With the coming of Christianity, their influence has however waned, but in areas like Arochukwu and Okija, the influence of such oracles is still strongly felt. Adapted from Grant, Nnamonu and Jowitt (1997), Senior English Project: For Senior Secondary Schools Students.

Traditional religion has waned in Nigeria owing to the

Religion in its various forms is very strong in Nigeria. In other words, Nigerian people are very religious. Most of them believe that there is an unseen supernatural world, apart from the natural world we see around us. This other world is inhabited by beings who are the source of our knowledge of good and evil. They watch and judge us, and if we offend them they may have to be appeased with prayers and sacrifices. Certain individuals in the natural world -priests, prophets and diviners – are believed to be endowed with special powers to make contact with the other world. These individuals lay down ceremonies or rituals which must be observed if due honour is to be paid to the unseen beings. The religious beliefs and practices of Nigerians can be classified under three main headings: Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity. In this passage, our focus is on traditional religion.

Traditional or indigenous religion continues to exert a strong influence on many people’s minds partly because of its association with their birthplaces and families. Each ethnic group has its own religious traditions, and these are often linked to some sacred spots in the ethnic homeland. Yet the various traditional religions have much in common: a remote but benevolent high god; under him, a number of lesser gods who interact with mankind; and below them various spirits who inhabit natural objects (trees, streams, rocks, etc.); below them again, and closest to living men and women, the spirits of the ancestors.

In the Yoruba tradition, for example, there are more than 400 lesser deities presided over by the high god, Olorun. Because he is remote from mankind, shrines are not built to him and worship is not offered to him directly. The lesser gods, on the other hand, are the subject of special cults, each with its own priests and devotees. Eshu, the messenger of the gods, ifa the god of divination; Shango, the god of thunder, and so on. Traditional religion was also strong in other parts of Nigeria. In Igbo Traditional religion, there were fewer gods. Although there was a remote high god, the most important figure was Ala or Ani, the goddess of the earth. In Hausaland, traditional religion has largely gone underground owing to the influence of Islam, but belief in the existence of ‘Bori’ spirits and their power to possess people, especially women, is strong in some areas. Each spirit is associated with a certain type of behaviour, which is manifested by the possessed individual.

Divination – the discovery of what is unknown or is yet to happen by supernatural or magical means – is an important ‘element of traditional religion. It is often one of the functions of ‘medicine-men’ or herbalists. In Igboland, there also used to be several oracles which people consulted in order to seek solutions to their problems. With the coming of Christianity, their influence has however waned, but in areas like Arochukwu and Okija, the influence of such oracles is still strongly felt. Adapted from Grant, Nnamonu and Jowitt (1997), Senior English Project: For Senior Secondary Schools Students.

Which factor is common to all traditional religions as mentioned in the passage?

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read. In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. They were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. When contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos island declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is, while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also, gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria is alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in the tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August 2007

It can be inferred from the passage that

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read. In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. They were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. When contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos island declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is, while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also, gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria is alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in the tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August 2007

The reason for lack of indigenous books in most renowned bookshops, according to the passage, is

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read. In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. They were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. When contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos island declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is, while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also, gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria is alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in the tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August 2007

 The expression … that earned her the award is profoundly gripping, as used in the passage, means

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read. In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. They were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. When contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos island declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is, while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also, gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria is alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in the tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August 2007

 The university science lecturer gives his reason for issuing handouts as

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read. In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. They were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. When contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos island declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is, while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also, gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria is alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in the tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August 2007

 A suitable title for this passage is

It is said that experience is the best teacher, but to learn consciously through wisdom may even be a better and more convenient way. T0 learn by experience is to learn from mistakes. It means ‘you have burnt your fingers and now your eyes are open’. This is a tough, costly and inconvenient way to learn. Rather than leaving our learning to experience, why do we not learn consciously going out of our way to acquire knowledge and wisdom rather than leave our learning to chance. Surely, we can learn from mistakes but why wait till when we make mistakes before we learn? We should give more premium to learning by wisdom than by experience.

This will involve one making up one’s mind to be decisive in learning. We must decide to learn consciously and not necessarily from negative experiences. The first step is to realize that life is simply the outcome and outplay of decisions. Our life now is the sum total of our decisions and our future will be determined by our decisions of today. If we decide to learn today we are not likely to make mistakes and when we do not make mistakes, experience need not be our best teacher.

To avoid making experience our best teacher will take more than a decision. We must couple our decision with a complete and -wholehearted devotion. We must be resolved, resolute and resilient in our bid to learn by wisdom and not necessarily by experience. This is crucial because situations and circumstances will want us to make a detour and leave our learning and life to chance. We must therefore be disciplined to remain with our resolve to make a clean break with experience as our best teacher. Disciplined in this regard means learning something new every day by wisdom rather than experience. It means consciously getting better by the day in your chosen field. Discipline will demand taking advantage of every learning opportunity that comes our way. It will mean we must pay the price for learning by wisdom -invest in books, magazines, seminars and other means by which we may become wiser.

It is much easier and cheaper to learn consciously by wisdom than to learn by experience. When we learn by experience, the deed is done and we are just picking up the pieces-learning in regret on how to avoid such predicament next time. Consider the child who grapes a lump of burning coal, he has learned the hard way through the painful experience, but his fingers will remain burnt. Thus the saying, that experience is the best teacher, may not be justifiable after all.

Adapted from Sunday Tribune, July 2007

The attitude of the writer of the passage can best be described as

It is said that experience is the best teacher, but to learn consciously through wisdom may even be a better and more convenient way. T0 learn by experience is to learn from mistakes. It means ‘you have burnt your fingers and now your eyes are open’. This is a tough, costly and inconvenient way to learn. Rather than leaving our learning to experience, why do we not learn consciously going out of our way to acquire knowledge and wisdom rather than leave our learning to chance. Surely, we can learn from mistakes but why wait till when we make mistakes before we learn? We should give more premium to learning by wisdom than by experience.

This will involve one making up one’s mind to be decisive in learning. We must decide to learn consciously and not necessarily from negative experiences. The first step is to realize that life is simply the outcome and outplay of decisions. Our life now is the sum total of our decisions and our future will be determined by our decisions of today. If we decide to learn today we are not likely to make mistakes and when we do not make mistakes, experience need not be our best teacher.

To avoid making experience our best teacher will take more than a decision. We must couple our decision with a complete and -wholehearted devotion. We must be resolved, resolute and resilient in our bid to learn by wisdom and not necessarily by experience. This is crucial because situations and circumstances will want us to make a detour and leave our learning and life to chance. We must therefore be disciplined to remain with our resolve to make a clean break with experience as our best teacher. Disciplined in this regard means learning something new every day by wisdom rather than experience. It means consciously getting better by the day in your chosen field. Discipline will demand taking advantage of every learning opportunity that comes our way. It will mean we must pay the price for learning by wisdom -invest in books, magazines, seminars and other means by which we may become wiser.

It is much easier and cheaper to learn consciously by wisdom than to learn by experience. When we learn by experience, the deed is done and we are just picking up the pieces-learning in regret on how to avoid such predicament next time. Consider the child who grapes a lump of burning coal, he has learned the hard way through the painful experience, but his fingers will remain burnt. Thus the saying, that experience is the best teacher, may not be justifiable after all.

Adapted from Sunday Tribune, July 2007

 It can be deduced from the passage that

It is said that experience is the best teacher, but to learn consciously through wisdom may even be a better and more convenient way. T0 learn by experience is to learn from mistakes. It means ‘you have burnt your fingers and now your eyes are open’. This is a tough, costly and inconvenient way to learn. Rather than leaving our learning to experience, why do we not learn consciously going out of our way to acquire knowledge and wisdom rather than leave our learning to chance. Surely, we can learn from mistakes but why wait till when we make mistakes before we learn? We should give more premium to learning by wisdom than by experience.

This will involve one making up one’s mind to be decisive in learning. We must decide to learn consciously and not necessarily from negative experiences. The first step is to realize that life is simply the outcome and outplay of decisions. Our life now is the sum total of our decisions and our future will be determined by our decisions of today. If we decide to learn today we are not likely to make mistakes and when we do not make mistakes, experience need not be our best teacher.

To avoid making experience our best teacher will take more than a decision. We must couple our decision with a complete and -wholehearted devotion. We must be resolved, resolute and resilient in our bid to learn by wisdom and not necessarily by experience. This is crucial because situations and circumstances will want us to make a detour and leave our learning and life to chance. We must therefore be disciplined to remain with our resolve to make a clean break with experience as our best teacher. Disciplined in this regard means learning something new every day by wisdom rather than experience. It means consciously getting better by the day in your chosen field. Discipline will demand taking advantage of every learning opportunity that comes our way. It will mean we must pay the price for learning by wisdom -invest in books, magazines, seminars and other means by which we may become wiser.

It is much easier and cheaper to learn consciously by wisdom than to learn by experience. When we learn by experience, the deed is done and we are just picking up the pieces-learning in regret on how to avoid such predicament next time. Consider the child who grapes a lump of burning coal, he has learned the hard way through the painful experience, but his fingers will remain burnt. Thus the saying, that experience is the best teacher, may not be justifiable after all.

Adapted from Sunday Tribune, July 2007

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

It is said that experience is the best teacher, but to learn consciously through wisdom may even be a better and more convenient way. T0 learn by experience is to learn from mistakes. It means ‘you have burnt your fingers and now your eyes are open’. This is a tough, costly and inconvenient way to learn. Rather than leaving our learning to experience, why do we not learn consciously going out of our way to acquire knowledge and wisdom rather than leave our learning to chance. Surely, we can learn from mistakes but why wait till when we make mistakes before we learn? We should give more premium to learning by wisdom than by experience.

This will involve one making up one’s mind to be decisive in learning. We must decide to learn consciously and not necessarily from negative experiences. The first step is to realize that life is simply the outcome and outplay of decisions. Our life now is the sum total of our decisions and our future will be determined by our decisions of today. If we decide to learn today we are not likely to make mistakes and when we do not make mistakes, experience need not be our best teacher.

To avoid making experience our best teacher will take more than a decision. We must couple our decision with a complete and -wholehearted devotion. We must be resolved, resolute and resilient in our bid to learn by wisdom and not necessarily by experience. This is crucial because situations and circumstances will want us to make a detour and leave our learning and life to chance. We must therefore be disciplined to remain with our resolve to make a clean break with experience as our best teacher. Disciplined in this regard means learning something new every day by wisdom rather than experience. It means consciously getting better by the day in your chosen field. Discipline will demand taking advantage of every learning opportunity that comes our way. It will mean we must pay the price for learning by wisdom -invest in books, magazines, seminars and other means by which we may become wiser.

It is much easier and cheaper to learn consciously by wisdom than to learn by experience. When we learn by experience, the deed is done and we are just picking up the pieces-learning in regret on how to avoid such predicament next time. Consider the child who grapes a lump of burning coal, he has learned the hard way through the painful experience, but his fingers will remain burnt. Thus the saying, that experience is the best teacher, may not be justifiable after all.

Adapted from Sunday Tribune, July 2007

According to the passage, we must be disciplined to

It is said that experience is the best teacher, but to learn consciously through wisdom may even be a better and more convenient way. T0 learn by experience is to learn from mistakes. It means ‘you have burnt your fingers and now your eyes are open’. This is a tough, costly and inconvenient way to learn. Rather than leaving our learning to experience, why do we not learn consciously going out of our way to acquire knowledge and wisdom rather than leave our learning to chance. Surely, we can learn from mistakes but why wait till when we make mistakes before we learn? We should give more premium to learning by wisdom than by experience.

This will involve one making up one’s mind to be decisive in learning. We must decide to learn consciously and not necessarily from negative experiences. The first step is to realize that life is simply the outcome and outplay of decisions. Our life now is the sum total of our decisions and our future will be determined by our decisions of today. If we decide to learn today we are not likely to make mistakes and when we do not make mistakes, experience need not be our best teacher.

To avoid making experience our best teacher will take more than a decision. We must couple our decision with a complete and -wholehearted devotion. We must be resolved, resolute and resilient in our bid to learn by wisdom and not necessarily by experience. This is crucial because situations and circumstances will want us to make a detour and leave our learning and life to chance. We must therefore be disciplined to remain with our resolve to make a clean break with experience as our best teacher. Disciplined in this regard means learning something new every day by wisdom rather than experience. It means consciously getting better by the day in your chosen field. Discipline will demand taking advantage of every learning opportunity that comes our way. It will mean we must pay the price for learning by wisdom -invest in books, magazines, seminars and other means by which we may become wiser.

It is much easier and cheaper to learn consciously by wisdom than to learn by experience. When we learn by experience, the deed is done and we are just picking up the pieces-learning in regret on how to avoid such predicament next time. Consider the child who grapes a lump of burning coal, he has learned the hard way through the painful experience, but his fingers will remain burnt. Thus the saying, that experience is the best teacher, may not be justifiable after all.

Adapted from Sunday Tribune, July 2007

 The phrase a complete and wholehearted devotion, as used in the passage, means

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 16

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 17

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 18

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 19

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 20

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 21

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 22

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 23

The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before twenty-four weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in ten to twenty per cent, of confirmed pregnancies. Most of that feature….15… twelve weeks of pregnancy. The most common ….16… is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissues that are not….17…. identifiable. Sometimes a sac-like structure is seen. Often, there is cramping with pelvic or back pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more….18… than usual stop unexpectedly. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage only ……19….. in a routine scan. About half all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way the genetic material from the egg and sperm have combined during……20…. it can be difficult to find out why this has ….21…., but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent. Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune…22…., and some serious infections are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage……23….. with age because of the quality of eggs deteriorates. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with ….24… pregnancies such as twins.

Adapted from Saturday punch, 13 October 2007

Choose the most appropriate answer in the gap numbered 24

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

Hardworking students must not have a finger in every pie at school.

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 The vice-chancellor is riding the crest of the last quarter of his administration.

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

She was absolved by the court from the charge.

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 The landlord is fond of throwing his weight about.

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 The company ought to have issued warrants for one billion shares.

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

 He needed not to have played in the position of quarterback in volley ball.

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

 I wouldn’t have responded to his rude talk, if I were you. .

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 He could not speak out because he had a feet of clay

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

The player wasted a golden opportunity during the penalty shoot-out.

Select the option that best explains the information conveyed in the sentence.

As far as Abu is concerned, Mero should be given fifty naira at the most.

Choose the options opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

 As an idiot, the boy is weak in class.

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 We were shocked by the news that he had lost the money.

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The principal was advised to be flexible on critical issues.

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 Bola always looks sober.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics. 

Dupe was promoted for her efficiency.

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The management wants to consider her reticent behaviour in due course.

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 Election processes often become volatile

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 Oche entered the principal’s office in a rather abrasive manner

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

 Otokpa is a member of the ad hoc committee on stock acquisition.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

His gift to the poor was always infinitesimal.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

The economist concluded that several factors have been adduced to explain the fall in the birth rate.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

 The presidential system is an antidote to some political ailments

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

 Ola thought that her father was very callous.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

He was very much respected, though he had no temporal power.

Choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase in italics.

The way the workshop was organized was rather hit-and-miss.

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

Some men will continue to causes offences until they are given a taste of their own medicine.

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

Okibe was rusticated for his derogatory remark about the principal

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

 Justice is difficult to enforce because people are unwilling to accept any loss of sovereignty.

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

There are still virtuous women in our society today.

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The type of response is typical of a lazy teacher

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

He was too petrified to give the closing remarks at the conference

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During a particular time of the day, the road shimmers in the heat.

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Every human being is vulnerable to communicable diseases

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Mariam looks rather furtive to Shehu

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

The student’s union leader delivered his speech extempore

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

His story gave us an inkling of what he passed through during the strike

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

These policies have been espoused by the ruling party

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

We must not foreclose reconciliation as the purpose of his trip. 

Choose the option nearest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase.

Her findings exploded widely held beliefs about learning.

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

He was both a writer and a politician, but he was better… a singer

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

Vacancies in the company will be notified by…

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

The driver was short of petrol, so he… with the engine switched off

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

 He started his career as an … teacher.    

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

 His many years of success in legal practice _____ didn’t come without challenges

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

One should be careful how _____ behaves in public, shouldn’t _____

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

_____ a good leader must have two characteristics.

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We visited his house _____ three times.

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 She was _____ the verge of tears

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 Everyone makes mistakes occasionally nobody is _____

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 The woman would not part with her _____ pot.

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

We stood up when the principal came in _____

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

This professor of _____ medicine has _____ the mystery of bird flu.    

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

 Her mother brought her some ______

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 Many workers were ______ as a result of the textile closure.

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 The driver died in the ______ Road accident.

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______ your parents frown ______ our friendship, we shouldn’t see each other anymore.

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 For more productivity, the company is focusing attention on the possible ______ of available resources

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

______ she didn’t trust him, she married him.

Choose the option that best completes the gap(s).

I wanted to know his political beliefs, so I asked him what ______

Choose the option that has the same vowel sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

book   

Choose the option that has the same vowel sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

 village

Choose the option that has the same vowel sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

patch

Choose the option that has the same consonant sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

 tangerine 

Choose the option that has the same consonant sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

hair    

Choose the option that has the same consonant sound as the one represented by the letter(s) underlined.

 edition   

Choose the appropriate stress pattern from the options, the syllables are written in capital letters.

demarcation

Choose the appropriate stress pattern from the options, the syllables are written in capital letters.

 impossible

Choose the appropriate stress pattern from the options, the syllables are written in capital letters.

imperialism

Answer the following question below and choose the option that has the stress on the first syllable.

Answer the following question below and choose the option that has the stress on the first syllable.

Answer the following question below and choose the option that has the stress on the first syllable.

The word in capital letters has the emphatic stress. Choose the option to which the given sentence relates.

 The traditional chief NARRATED the story to the children.

The word in capital letters has the emphatic stress. Choose the option to which the given sentence relates.

 The ACCOUNTANT paid the workers’ July salary in September.

The word in capital letters has the emphatic stress. Choose the option to which the given sentence relates.

 The cat DEVOURED the rat.