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SS1: CHEMISTRY - 1ST TERM

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  1. Introduction to Chemistry and Laboratory Apparatus | Week 1
    5 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  2. Nature of Matter | Week 2
    3 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  3. Separation Techniques I | Week 3
    1 Topic
  4. Separation Techniques II | Week 4
    5 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  5. Particulate Nature of Matter I | Week 5
    5 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  6. Particulate Nature of Matter II | Week 6
    9 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  7. Symbols, Formulae & Oxidation Number | Week 7
    7 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  8. Laws of Chemical Combination | Week 8
    4 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  9. Chemical Equation & Chemical Combination (Chemical Bonding) I | Week 9
    4 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  10. Chemical Combination (Chemical Bonding) II | Week 10
    4 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  11. Chemical Combination (Chemical Bonding) III & Shapes of Covalent Molecules | Week 11
    3 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz



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Topic Content:

  • Introduction – Covalent Molecules
  • Linear Shape
  • Tetrahedral Shape
  • Angular Shape
  • Trigonal Shape
    • Trigonal Pyramidal Shape
    • Trigonal Planar Shape

Introduction – Covalent Molecules:

In Covalent Molecules, atoms combine by sharing electrons.

Covalent molecules have a definite shape due to the fact that Covalent bonds are rigid and highly directional. However, the Ionic bonds are not directional. Shapes of Covalent molecules are as follows:

1. Linear Shape:

All diatomic molecules are Linear in shape e.g. H2, Cl2, O2, N2. Other Compounds that have a Linear shape are CO, HCl, HF, CO2, SO2, etc. A linear molecule is a molecule in which atoms are deployed in a straight line, and the bond angle is 180°C.

The Linear shape of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Chloride:

(a) Hydrogen (H2)

Screenshot 2023 10 28 at 04.52.21
Single Covalent bond

(b) Oxygen (O2)

Screenshot 2023 10 28 at 04.52.46
Double Covalent bond

 

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Theory Question 1

(a) List two forces of attraction that can exist between covalent molecules

i) Metalic bonding
ii) Intermolecular forces

 

(b) Name the type of Intermolecular force of attraction in the following:

(i) Iodine Crystals Vander Waals forces

(ii) Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen bond

(iii) ArgonVander Waals forces

Theory Question 2

(a) Give the reason why Hydrogen Fluoride is a liquid at room temperature, unlike Hydrogen Chloride

Answer:  This is attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonding in Hydrogen Fluoride as compared to Hydrogen chloride.

 

(b) Name the types of bonds within a water molecule and between water molecules.

Answer:  Hydrogen bond

Theory Question 3

(a) Explain the term Metallic Bonding

AnswerMetallic bonding is the force that holds atoms together in a metal.

 

(b) State the type of chemical bond between Aluminium atoms in a sheet of Aluminium

Answer – Metallic bond

 

(c) Mention three physical properties of Metal

Theory Question 4

Give two examples of each of the following Covalent molecules

Answer:

(a) Linear Shape – O2, HCl

(b) Tetrahedral Shape – CH4, SiCl4

(c) Trigonal Shape – NH3, SO3

(d) Trigonal Planar Shape – SO3, AlCl3

Theory Question 5

(a) Given the boiling points of the following Hybrid 

Answer:  

Hydride    Boiling Point  
    H2O   100°C
    H2S -65°C
  HF 20°C
  HCl -85°C

State what is responsible for the high boiling point of H2O and HF

Answer: This is as a result of the presence of hydrogen bonding in these molecules.

 

(b) Explain the following observations 

(i) Mg has a higher melting point than Na

Answer:  Magnesium shares two valence electrons in an electron cloud while sodium shares one. This suggests that magnesium has a stronger metallic bond than sodium. Hence, breaking the metallic bond in magnesium will require more energy; when compared to sodium. Thus, magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium.

 (ii) K is a better reducing agent than Na

Answer:   This is because potassium is far more reactive than sodium. Hence, a better reducing agent.

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