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Topic Content:
- Removal of Permanent Hardness
Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in the form of soluble tetraoxosulphate(VI) and chlorides.
Removal of Permanent Hardness:
1. Addition of Washing Soda:
Washing soda removes the calcium and magnesium ions from the water as insoluble calcium and magnesium trioxocarbonate(IV) respectively.
Na2CO3(aq) + CaSO4(aq) → CaCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
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