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SS2: CHEMISTRY - 2ND TERM

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  1. Water & Solution I | Week 1
    10 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  2. Water, Solution and Solubility | Week 2 & 3
    9 Topics
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    1 Quiz
  3. Air | Week 4
    4 Topics
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    1 Quiz
  4. Pollution | Week 5
    6 Topics
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    1 Quiz
  5. Rate of Chemical Reaction | Week 6 & 7
    6 Topics
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    1 Quiz
  6. Energy and Energy Effect I | Week 8 & 9
    7 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  7. Energy and Energy Effect II | Week 10 & 11
    6 Topics
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    1 Quiz
  8. Chemical Equilibrium | Week 12
    8 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz

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Topic Content:

  • Removal of Temporary Hardness
  • Effects of Temporary Hardness

This is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium hydrogen trioxocarbonate(VI) [Ca(HCO3)2].

Removal of Temporary Hardness:

1. Boiling: The Ca(HCO3)2 decomposes on heating forming insoluble calcium trioxocarbonate(VI)

\(\scriptsize Ca(HCO_3)_{2(aq)} \overset{boil}{\large \rightarrow} CaCO_{3(s)} + H_2O_{(l)} + CO_{2(g)}\)

This brings the calcium ion out of the solution as a precipitate. The removal of calcium ions will make the soap added to the water form a lather.

Temporary hardness of water can be removed by boiling, hence the term temporary.

2. Addition of slaked lime: Temporary hardness of water can be removed by the addition of a calculated amount of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2).

 

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