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WAEC: GOVERNMENT

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2015 Government WAEC Theory Past Questions

WAEC: GOVERNMENT 2015 Government WAEC Theory Past Questions

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(a) Constitutionalism is strict adherence to the provision of the constitution of the land by everyone including the leader.

(b) Factors that can promote constitutionalism:

  • Existence of a multi-party system
  • The entrenchment of fundamental human right in the constitution
  • Free, fair, and periodic election
  • Existence of free press
  • Fixed-term of office for the elected political office holder
  • Independence judiciary
  • Observance of rule of law

(a) Separation of power implies that the three organs of government; the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary are separated in personnel and functions. This means that no one person or organ of government should combine the legislative, executive, and judiciary functions of government.

(b)  Operation of separation of power in the presidential system of government:

  • In the presidential system of government, the legislature makes laws, the executive applies the law, the judiciary interprets laws.
  • None of the three organs of government should usurp the powers or interfere in the workings of the other two organs
  • No one person or organ of government to combine the legislative, executive, and judicial functions or powers

The operation of separation of powers in a cabinet system of government:

  • There is no strict separation of powers in a cabinet system of government
  • Individuals can operate in two or more organs of government
  • There is a fusion of powers in the discharge of responsibilities
  • Members of the cabinet are also part of the legislature
  • In Britain, the lord chancellor who is the head of the judicial arm of government is also a member of the legislature and the executive

(a) Parliamentarianism is a system of government in which there exists a Head of state who performs ceremonial functions and a Head of government who performs executive functions.

(b) Differences between the parliamentary and presidential system of government:

  • There is a separation of power in the presidential system, while there is a fusion of power in the parliamentary system
  • In the presidential system, the president chooses his ministers from outside parliament, while in the parliamentary system ministers are chosen from parliament
  • In a presidential system, the head of state is also the head of government while in the parliamentary system, the head of state is different from the head of government
  • There is constitutional supremacy in the presidential system, whereas there is parliamentary supremacy in the parliamentary system
  • In a presidential system, the role of the opposition is not constitutionally determined but in the parliamentary system, the constitution provides a role for the opposition in parliament
  • In a presidential system of government, the president can veto bills passed by the legislature whereas in the parliamentary there is no such veto.

(a) Public opinion can be described as the aggregate views of the people at a given time and on a particular issue/matter.

(b) Ways by which public opinion can be formed:

  • Mass media: public opinion can be formed through information provided by the media.
  • The organizations that people belong to e.g Religious/Social
  • Trade union: the trade unions that people belong to serve as the source of information which eventually help them in building public opinion
  • Political parties: parties serve as an aggregating factor for people’s opinion
  • Pressure/Interest groups give information to their members and this helps them to form an opinion
  • Educational institutions help in the formation of public opinion

(c) Ways of encouraging public opinion:

  • Guaranteeing press freedom; This will enable the policies and actions of the government to be made known to members of the public in their true perspectives.
  • Raising Literacy level: If citizens can read and write, they will be in a better position to view and assess government policies.
  • Establishment of Information Bureau: This will enable citizens to have access to information that will enable them to form an opinion.
  • Guaranteeing freedom of speech and association: Members of the public should be allowed to air their views on government policies and actions/inaction.
  • Encouragement of functional civil society organizations.
  • Encouragement of democratic government.

(a) Officials in the conduct of Election:

  • Chairman/Electoral Commissioners.
  • Resident/Regional/State/Electoral Officers.
  • Returning Officers.
  • Presiding Officers.
  • Polling Assistants/Clerks.
  • Polling Agents/Party Agents.
  • Security Officers! Polling Orderlies.
  • Election Observers.
  • Supervisory/Presiding Officers.

(b) Officials in the conduct of Election and their functions.

  • Chairman/Electoral Commissioners – move around to supervise the conduct of the election.
  • Resident/Regional/ State/Electoral Officer – Supervises the conduct of elections at the state/regional levels.
  • Returning Officers – They announce results and declare winners at polling units and wards.
  • Presiding Assistant/Clerks – They assist the presiding officer by checking the list of registered voters.
  • Polling/Agents/Party Agents – They represent the candidates or political parties at the polling booth/station.
  • Security Officers/Polling Orderlies – They maintain law and order at the polling station/Centre.
  • Election Observers – They monitor the conduct of elections and report on the freeness or otherwise of the elections.
  • Supervisory/ Presiding Officers – They move from one polling Centre to the other within the electoral wards, Listening to the complaints and settling minor disagreements arising from the polling units Centre.

Functions of the Secretary of State for the colonies in the colonial period:

  • Responsible and accountable to the British parliament.
  • Advised the governors on the affairs of the colonies e.g. during the crisis.
  • Recommended people to the crown to be appointed as governors for the colonies.
  • Supervised the colonial administration by giving directives to the Governors based on British policies.
  • Received petitions and grievances from the colonies on behalf of the British parliament.
  • Submitted annual reports to the British on the colonies to the crown through the parliament.
  • Approved the drafting of a new constitution for the colonies.
  • Controlled the finances of the colonies through the approval of budgets and auditing of accounts.
  • Set up Commissions of inquiry to investigate issues in the colonies.
  • He could disallow any law which was not consistent with British colonial policies.
  • He could override the Governor’s veto and power of certification.
  • He approved major projects to be undertaken in the colonies.

(a) Newspapers formed by nationalist in Nigeria after the Second World War:

  • Nigerian Tribune
  • Eastern Guardian
  • Northern Advocate
  • Morning Post
  • New Africa.

(b) Roles played by local Newspapers in the struggle against colonial rule.

  • The mouthpiece of the nationalists
  • Exposing the ills of colonialism.
  • Expressing the grievances of the people.
  • Giving political and civic education.
  • Mobilizing the people against colonial rule.
  • Pressing for political, social and economic reforms.
  • Popularizing political ideology and manifestoes of political parties
  • Promotion of African Cultural Values.

Achievements of the Action Group as a political party in Nigeria:

i. The party provided political education to the people.

ii. It formed the government of the Western Region.

iii. Chief Anthony Enahoro, A member of the party moved the motion for self-government for Nigeria in 1953.

iv. It participated in all constitutional conferences that led to the independence of Nigeria.

v. The party through its leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo established the Nigerian Tribune.

vi. It introduced free education in all primary and secondary education in Nigeria.

vii. It established the first television station in Africa Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) in Ibadan.

viii. It built Liberty Stadium in Ibadan.

ix. It provided an effective opposition at the Centre during the first republic.

x. It served as a link between the people and the government.

xi. It provided infrastructural facilities in the western region.

xii. It established the famous University of Ife now Obafemi Awolowo University.

xiii. It established the Judicial Service Commission.

xv. It promoted agricultural development e.g. planting of cash crops.

xiv. It promoted rural development, by providing farm settlement schemes in the Western Region.

xvi. It provided free health care for children under 18 years.

xvii. The party (AG) along with NCNC struggled for self-rule for Nigeria.

(a)i. It is referred to as the armed forces comprising the Army (land troops), The Navy (sea troops), and the Air force (air troops).

(a)ii. The forceful overthrow of a constituted government by the armed forces.

(b) Features of military rule:

The military is characterized by control and use of means of violence.
Suspension of the constitution when they seize power.
Banning political parties.
Abuse of Fundamental Human Rights. There is a restriction on the movement of people and freedom of expression.
Perpetuates itself in office: The military stays in power and sometimes transforms into a civilian government.
A highly centralized system of government.
Rule by decrees.
Usually makes use of civilians in their administration.
Established military tribunals.
Indiscriminate arrest and detention of members of the previous government.
The fusion of both legislative and executive functions.
Characterized by instability, e.g. coups and counter-coups.
The regime is characterized by dictatorship.

Factors that determine the external relations of West African countries:

  • Technological needs of West African countries determine their external relations.
  • Economic development motives also determine the pattern of relationship of West African countries, especially with the economically developed nations.
  • Colonial heritage/ Historical experience of West African countries usually determines the country they relate with.
  • Trade is another factor that determines the nature of West African countries’ external relations.
  • Geographical nearness is a good determinant of West African external relations. Countries that are near to each other are bound to interact.
  • Military strength/needs/ assistance.
  • Public opinion of the citizens of a country about a particular country can also determine the nature of the interaction.
  • Membership of international organizations e.g. ECOWAS, OAU/AU.
  • International law and Conventions.
  • Religious affiliations.
  • Political ideology.
  • Ethnic and tribal affiliations.
  • Demographic/population size.
  • The system of government in operation, e.g. democracy.
  • Natural resources endowment.
  • The personality of the leadership.

 

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